从律师法修改看控辩关系的趋向

修订后的《律师法》对律师权利作了重要发展,必然冲击现有的控辩关系格局。预测刑事诉讼控辩关系的发展和走向,调整既有的公诉、辩护思维定式,是实现刑事诉讼目的和价值的必然要求。今后,我国刑事诉讼控辩关系将明显体现出对合、对等、对立的趋势和特点。     

Examining Prosecutorial Discretion in Federal Criminal Cases: Legal and Extra-Legal Determinants of Declination and Charge Change Decisions

Abstract

From 2000 to 2010, the federal criminal caseload increased roughly 50% with a large portion of this increase attributed to the rise in immigration prosecutions. These changes coupled with recent Supreme Court decisions rendering the guidelines advisory have renewed calls for research examining prosecutorial discretion, particularly with respect to the influence of legal and extralegal factors on charging and bargaining decisions. This study utilizes data (2002–2010) from the Federal Justice Statistics Program database housed within the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data (NACJD). More specifically, the current research examines prosecutorial decisions to decline to charge federal arrestees and to make any changes to the charge from the arresting offense. Results from the multilevel, multivariate models reveal that both extra-legal and legal factors were influential of these decisions. Disaggregated models also revealed considerable variation across different offense types. Finally, districts with higher caseloads had lower odds of a prosecutorial declination and charge change.     

食品监管渎职罪探析

食品是人类生活的基本需求之一。民以食为天,而食又以安为先。近些年来,我国食品安全事件频发,违法犯罪猖獗,《刑法》保护不力。为此,《中华人民共和国刑法修正案(八)》第49条增设食品监管渎职罪,以严厉打击食品领域的渎职行为,强化国家的监管责任。本文就食品监管渎职罪增设的必要性、法条的解读以及与相关罪名的区分进行探析,以期能对司法实践有所裨益。     

行业协会在应对反倾销指控中的作用——兼论我国行业协会制度的完善

无论国际条约还是国内立法，都赋予行业协会在应对反倾销调查时可以扮演一定角色的规定。在反倾销指控开始前直到调查结束后，行业协会均能发挥其独特的作用以取得反倾销指控的胜利。目前我国行业协会制度在形成模式上存在重大缺陷，并引发一系列问题。可从思想观念、法制建设和形成机制改革等方面完善我国行业协会制度。     

Prosecuting high-level corruption in Eastern Europe

Do Eastern European courts effectively constrain politicians and uphold the rule of law? Criminal prosecution of grand (high-level) corruption can further the central principle of equal responsibility under the law by demonstrating that even powerful political actors have to submit to the laws of the land. This article introduces the Eastern European Corruption Prosecution Database, which contains entries for all cabinet ministers (927 in total) who served in a government that held office in one of seven post-Communist Eastern European countries since the late 1990s. The systematic data collection reveals that Bulgaria, Romania and Macedonia consistently indict more ministers than Croatia, the Czech Republic, and Poland; Slovakia has barely indicted anyone. We aim to start a research agenda by formulating hypotheses about which countries will see more corruption prosecutions and which ministers' characteristics would make them more likely to face the court. We use the database to begin testing these hypotheses and find some evidence for several associations. We find no strong evidence that EU conditionality or membership raises the profile of the grand corruption issue or leads to more indictments. Party politics seems to affect the frequency of corruption indictments more than the structure and behavior of legal institutions. Indictment rates are lower when a former Communist party controls the government and individual ministers from junior coalition partners are more vulnerable to indictment than other ministers. The existence of a specialized anti-corruption prosecution or a more independent judiciary do not seem to lead to the indictment of more ministers on corruption charges. Finally, we discuss avenues of future research that our database opens, both for the analysis of country-level and individual-level variation.     

喀什师范学院,新疆喀什844000

贿选是当前严重危害政治民主的腐败现象。现行法律中将贿选视为破坏选举罪的行为方式之一,然而,贿选的社会危害性远不是破坏选举罪所能涵盖的。贿选与贿赂罪在罪质上具有同一性,在行为方式上具有相似性,为切实发挥法律对贿选的遏止作用,建议单独设置选举贿赂罪,并将其归之于贿赂罪这一类罪名中。     

论侦查主体的“三结合“

侦查主体的"三结合"是指侦技结合、侦情结合和侦诉结合.技术化、信息化、智能化是现代文明社会的重要标志,现代社会的犯罪也因体现了时代特征而在形态与要素上愈加复杂化,而且犯罪总量日益增大与侦查力量相对不足的矛盾也日渐突出.因此,加强侦查主体的"三结合"便成为与现代犯罪作斗争的必然要求.     

论刑事审判监督程序的提起主体--从控审分离的视角审视

从控审分离的视角审视,现行法律规定法院自行提起审判监督程序,不符合控审分离的要求,不利于实现诉讼公正,导致了诉讼职能的混乱,不利于保障被告人权利,因此应取消法院自行提起审判监督权。为了维护原审被告的权益、要改造现行的申诉制度,赋予被告申请再审权。     

经济犯罪的规范解释

在经济犯罪的规范解释中,应当注重对经济犯罪规范进行刑法价值上的独立判断。当某种经济不法行为不具有经济犯罪规范所指向的特定的社会危害性而刑法条文在字面上又能够将该种行为包含在其中时,规范的实质内容应当优先,对该种行为要从实质上进行理解,而不应从形式上理解。当值得处罚的经济不法行为在实质上具有某个刑法规范所禁止的性质、但刑法用语在形式上对其无法予以包含的,亦应当从实质上解释经济犯罪规范。由于经济犯罪规范数量众多,法条大小系统庞杂,所以在经济犯罪规范解释中应当特别关注构成要件的体系解释。     

论刑事侦查阶段对犯罪嫌疑人权利的保护与对抗制审判

现行刑事诉讼法吸收了当事人主义对抗制审判的特点 ,而对抗制审判之“对抗”性不仅仅是庭审中的要求 ,从侦查阶段开始 ,就要求对犯罪嫌疑人的合法权利进行保护。否则 ,对抗制庭审的落实无法实现。