“联合”何以可能?——无产阶级革命动机问题的当代反思

马克思主义分析学派基于“公共利益问题”对无产阶级革命动机的分析,对无产阶级革命的“功利”动机和“道义”动机提出了挑战。这一学派的理论前提是把无产阶级理解为理性自利的个体,无疑暴露了这一学派的理论缺陷。马克思关于无产阶级历史任务的阐述表明,无产阶级的革命动机并非源自人性的理性自利,而是内在于人类社会历史发展的客观结构。澄清无产阶级的革命动机,不仅需要追问无产阶级的革命目的,而且需要将激发“阶级意识”和还原“社会结构”结合起来,实现对无产阶级作为革命主体的理论自觉。只有如此,在当代资本主义发生重大变化的背景下,无产阶级革命追求人的自由和解放的理论旨归才能得到全面而深入的阐发。     

International advocacy for contract-based public private partnerships through case studies: a re-interpretation of Southern Cross Station,Melbourne

In response to urban infrastructure deficits, international organisations, such as the United Nations, encourage governments to harness private finance. Contract-based Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) represent one policy option enabling infrastructure to be privately financed and constructed, and for service provision to occur. With PPPs also a contested policy option, private sector policy intermediaries advocate for their adoption, including through the selective promotion of case studies. In recognition that favourable case study narratives may leach out local context, a multi-dimensional analytical framework is introduced distinguishing between de-institutionalised, aspatial, non-historical, uncritical and non-futuristic perspectives. Recently the private sector-led World Economic Forum published ‘Harnessing Public-Private Cooperation to Deliver the New Urban Agenda’, which reported upon the PPP-led development of Spencer Street (or Southern Cross) Station in Melbourne, Australia. In deploying the framework, this paper concludes that case study narratives can be reductionist and locally detached in various ways. The role of policy intermediaries in the transfer of policy information therefore requires carefully interpretation, not least because of the malleable use of case studies to reveal desired conclusions.     

Uber Über regulation? Regulatory change following the emergence of new technologies in the taxi market

Can emerging technologies transform not only markets, but also foster new regulatory change mechanisms? In the context of prevailing theories of regulatory change, this article explores the extent to which an interest‐based explanation can account for the regulatory responses toward emerging Transportation Network Companies (TNCs). Based on a primary cross‐city analysis of the 40 largest cities in the United States, the study found that although the existence of ex ante interest groups indeed somewhat limited the extent of ex post regulatory acceptance of TNCs, regulators seemed to prefer the newcomers over existing incumbents and approved TNCs in 77.5 percent of the examined cities, rarely pursuing harsh enforcement even when TNCs operated illegally. The research attempts to explain this intriguing phenomenon by extending the interest‐based approach to account for the key role played by “technological regulatory entrepreneurs.” The entrepreneurs bridged collective action barriers by becoming the central agent that managed, and reaped the benefits of, the collective action, by lowering the organizational costs and by disseminating information effectively and turning consumers into political campaigners, thus successfully promoting regulatory change.     

利益诱惑情境与腐败事件的生成及控制——基于18个典型案例的分析

现实发生的各类腐败行为和腐败案件均有公职人员与特定当事人在特定时空进行越界交换的共同特点,用利益诱惑情境来解释越界交换现象具有独特的价值。利益诱惑情境是内蕴于公务情境中的行为活动场景,以其即时性、选择性和感染性形成集成机制,进而使公职人员在场定义发生认知错位、规则变异和取向偏差,在标准、内容和程序上突破腐败与不腐败的临界点,生成腐败事件。控制临界点不被突破也就控制了腐败事件的发生,需要在利益诱惑情境的时间和空间环节加强监督,建立健全制度,重视对行贿人的查处,培育理想信念与信守从政道德,真正建立固守廉洁阵地的防线。     

A model of local crime displacement

In this paper, we develop a two-region model of crime spatial displacement. For high crime regions, the crime rate in one locality is negatively influenced by the crime rate of the other. The magnitude of the displacement depends on the distance between the two regions and on their relative size. For given sized neighbors, a closer distance implies greater displacement. When one region is larger, relative to the other, this increases the displacement, holding distance fixed. Examples show that the displacement from the treated to the adjacent areas can be small, if the relative size of the former is small. Nonetheless, the displacement can be large for other nearby areas, provided that the treated region is relatively big. Neglecting this result can cause an upward bias at the estimated impact of a policy. We also analyze the consequences for the design of public policies.     

从权利救济宪法保障论公益诉讼制度

在各国宪法上,都会规定权利救济基本权的保障,其作用是在于给予人民排除不法侵害权益,并维护享有完整实体权利的机会,借以实现有权利即有救济的宪法保障原则。就行政诉讼而言,原则上虽须主张其诉讼和其个人权利有关,人民或团体才可享有诉权,但是,立法者另外得以法律明文规定,准许人民或团体为维护公益,对无关自己权益的事项提起行政诉讼,此时人民或团体也可享有诉权。在此,我们看到宪法上保障的权利救济基本权,除了作为主观权利的功能建构外,仍然存在作为客观法的建构可能性。也就是说,公益诉讼是立法者为了落实权利救济基本权的宪法保障,所设计的一种客观的制度性保障,而可以作为权利救济基本权在客观法上的功能建构。因此,本论文即从自我实现作为基本权的本质出发,尝试探讨基本权作为主观权利与客观法的法特征及其功能,建构公益诉讼作为权利救济的制度性保障,并借助德国行政诉讼上的团体诉讼制度,以分析公益诉讼在制度设计上的根本困境。     

人民检察院提起环境公益诉讼的职能定位研究

当前制约人民检察院提起环境公益诉讼最突出的问题,是我国法律尚未明确检察机关提起环境公益诉讼的职能。人民检察院提起环境公益诉讼,既缘于公民、环保组织、行政机关的局限性,也是人民检察院履行其职能的必然要求。人民检察院提起环境公益诉讼具有形式正当性和实质正当性。不断完善的立法将克服法条主义的缺陷,为人民检察院提起环境公益诉讼提供法制保障。     

Integrating Europe’s PSI re-use rules - Demystifying the maze

Despite various studies evincing the huge potential locked up in public sector information (PSI), this potential is far from being fully exploited. To a large extent, this failure is caused by the immensely complex legal labyrinth surrounding PSI re-use. This complexity works in two ways: public sector bodies do not comply with the regulatory framework and re-users do not avail themselves of the legal instruments offered, resulting in unexploited economic potential. What makes the legal framework so complex is the transcending nature of PSI re-use, as it blends four areas of law - freedom of information law, ICT law, intellectual property law and competition law - that, throughout the years, have been regulated at a European, national and even at a sectoral level, but in isolation. The fundamental impact that ICT developments have on our society, subsequently also rocking the legal rules and underlying principles and axioms, makes the picture even more complicated. Taking the maximization of utility of PSI as a starting point in this article, I will anatomize each of these legal frameworks and demonstrate how they interact, culminating in a conceptual framework that may help public sector bodies and re-users, and courts where necessary, to apply and rely on the rules involved and to bring to the surface areas for policy action, both at the national and European level.     

我国公用事业特许经营制度运作之评估与展望——基于40起典型事例的考察

对我国公用事业特许经营改革40起典型事例的实证分析表明,特许经营制度改革本身定位是否确当、政府是否具备诚信意识、后续政府监管是否有力、政府利益衡量是否周全,往往成为特许经营制度运作成败的关键。为了实现公用事业特许经营制度的健康发展,应当从风险防范意识的加强、法律规范体系的完善和政府监管能力的提升等三个方面进行努力。     

作为客观诉讼的行政公益诉讼

我国目前实际发生的行政公益诉讼案件几乎都是属于自益形式的公益诉讼,他益形式的公益诉讼在我国囿于起诉资格的限制尚难以展开。借鉴域外主观诉讼与客观诉讼区分理论,可以建构我国的行政公益诉讼,并丰富我国行政诉讼类型。未来我国行政公益诉讼的设置应遵循客观诉讼的法理和精神,建立一套符合客观诉讼法理的诉讼程序,诉权设计上可以采取多元的启动模式,诉讼类型应限制为非财产给付诉讼,起诉资格应以法律有特别规定为限。