Depth-interviewing Finnish professional criminals

This article shows how easy and valuable is to interview offenders, when the information of crime or criminals life is needed. There is no need to use just authorities information that is often very one sided and focused on solving single crime or personality behind the committed crime. During this study I interviewed 15 persons and one group of 6 persons. The 21 interviewees represented 14 different groups active in the 1990s in Finland and cross-border criminality. The interviewed persons were selected for equal representation of four different criminal backgrounds. The types of crimes that Finns typically commit across borders (from abroad to Finland) include: (1) different kinds of smuggling (spirits, tobacco and drugs), (2) trafficking in prostitutes and organising their work (procuring) in the country. From Finland to foreign countries, Finnish criminals primarily, (3) handle stolen goods (fencing), (4) money laundering. The persons selected to be interviewed were still committing or had recently committed these types of crimes. There are only a few empirical studies made on professional criminals. It is amazing how similar the findings of these are, even though the three studies—British, American and the present—reflect different social conditions and different decades. On occasion it feels that the place and time of study are irrelevant, as if you are reading and analysing just one study. From the research point of view it is interesting how such similar findings are possible. None of the 14 groups that I studied were able to fulfil the 14 variables of organised crime, that I required for a group to be classified as an organised crime group.

关于构建监外执行罪犯防控机制的思考

对监外执行罪犯的防控是构建和谐社会的现实需要，当前司法实践中罪犯监外执行存在着交付执行脱节、列管地标准不一、缓刑执行监督不力等问题，有必要建立告知制度、统一列管地标准、增设缓刑考察期满检察审查、确立缓刑犯保证人（金）制度等，”并从加强监外罪犯交付环节工作、健全法律文书送达、建立对基层派出所考察缓刑犯工作的督察机制、构建监外执行信息平台等方面，进一步完善机制建设。     

浅议公民个人悬赏缉凶

在我国 ,由公安机关发布悬赏通告已有法可依 ,并且已为社会公众所广泛接受 ,但对于公民个人悬赏缉凶 ,却没有明确的法律规定。结合刑事悬赏制度的历史与现状对此进行探讨 ,有利于完善我国的刑事悬赏制度 ,进而有利于严厉打击严重刑事犯罪分子。     

未成年人犯罪非监禁化理念与实现

监禁处遇对于未成年犯罪人而言更意味着消极性,而不是积极性。对于未成年犯罪人尽量避免监禁,已经成为各国少年司法制度共同的理念。非监禁化应当包括三个紧密联系的环节:市前的非监禁化、刑罚选择(量刑)的非监禁化(包括监禁刑的避免适用和虚置)、刑罚执行的非监禁化(行刑社会化)。实现未成年犯罪人非监禁化理念应当推行转处制度;建立健全少年保释制度,提高未成年人取保候审率;尽量适用非刑罚处理方法和非监禁刑,提高缓刑适用率;行刑社会化,开展社区矫正。在推行未成年犯罪人非监禁化理念改革中,应当完善风险评估与责任制度,完善非监禁化的社会支持系统。     

罪犯教育改造现状认知实证研究

某省监狱683名罪犯对目前教育改造现状认知持较为肯定态度,特别是"三课教育"、文明管理与心理矫治,70%以上的罪犯认同或认为有帮助。罪犯在个别教育认知上出现分化,16.3%的罪犯认为开展得好,13.8%的罪犯认为没开展。近半数罪犯认为监狱人文精神一般。罪犯服刑时间与其教育改造现状认知显著相关,表现为随服刑时间推移对教育改造工作认知评价趋向负面。服刑一年以上与一年以下罪犯在教育改造认知评价上存在显著差异,表现为前者负性认知显著地多于后者。     

Constructing Victims and Villains: Unintended Outcomes of Contact Prohibition Orders

Contact prohibition orders (besöksförbud) are by now an institutionalized form of preventing violence and protecting the integrity of individuals from non‐strangers' intrusion in their lives. On the basis of an analysis of, primarily, in‐depth interviews with people intended to be protected by such orders, it is argued that this legal practice has unintended consequences for the parties' interaction and relationship. In order to obtain and maintain CPOs, the individuals have to regard and present the other party's acts as criminal cases and watch their own behaviour to preclude accusations of having provoked violations. They are also expected to evidence the other's crimes. In court they have to present themselves as credible witnesses and at the same time as suffering victims in order to retain the victim role. To make sense of the new situation, they tended to re‐construct the other party as inherently criminal, and they accounted for their common past as based upon the other's deception. Hence, it is claimed that the encounters with the criminal justice system have a decisive impact on the individuals' understanding of themselves, the other party, their relations and interaction.     

非人格化与罪犯改造

非人格化是罪犯对被害人人格的贬低,甚至彻底抹杀的过程。可分为在犯罪实施前对被害人的非人格化,在犯罪实施进行中对被害人的非人格化和在犯罪实施完毕后对被害人的非人格化三个阶段。从犯罪控制角度而言,国家与社会对罪犯也有一个非人格化过程。阻却国家和社会公众对罪犯的非人格化,对于彻底矫治罪犯具有重要意义。     

帮助犯罪分子逃避处罚罪探疑

帮助犯罪分子逃避处罚罪中的“犯罪分子”是指有事实或证据表明正在实施或实施了犯罪行为的自然人或单位,包括实行犯、犯罪嫌疑人、被告人和已决犯。成为本罪主体的前提条件是行为人是国家机关工作人员,实质条件是有查禁犯罪活动的职责。对于后者应从三个方面进行理解:首先行为人所在的国家机关(或组织)对该犯罪活动具有职能管辖权力,其次是行为人在所在的国家机关(组织)具有查禁犯罪的具体或特定的职权,最后,行为人正在履行查禁的职权之中。帮助犯罪分子逃避处罚罪是行为犯,应以妨碍了国家对“犯罪分子”追诉活动为既遂,具体判断标准应结合行为人的行为方式与对象的具体情况分三种情形加以确定。     

“战争罪犯”还是“民族英雄”——以日本战后恢复对军人和战犯的抚恤政策为视角

对军人军属进行抚恤是日本军国主义战争动员的重要内容,日本战败后曾经一度废除。《旧金山和约》签订后,日本政府很快恢复了对不包括战犯在内的复员军人的抚恤、救助工作。在日本遗族会等保守团体的推动和"战犯释放运动"的影响下,经过几次修改,至20世纪50年代中期,日本政府全面恢复了对包括战犯在内的军人军属抚恤工作。无论是刑死还是狱死的"战犯"均被视为因公死亡享受抚恤,战犯服刑期间仍被作为"在职期间"累积计算抚恤年金,服刑期间伤病者另可以享受"伤病抚恤",战争罪犯俨然成了日本的"民族英雄"享受优待。日本政府从立法层面恢复对战犯的抚恤,对日本社会的战争认识和战争记忆的重构产生深刻的影响,也成为此后甲级战犯被靖国神社合祀的社会意识的基础。     

罪犯改造后期的自我意识偏差与调控

罪犯的自我意识是在特定的文化环境中,通过主体与其他人相互作用而形成的,是社会 化的结果。改造后期罪犯自我意识的偏差直接影响其改造的积极性、主动性,影响其心理健康水平 乃至回归后的生活。加强对改造后期罪犯心理的外在控制和内在调适,具有十分重要的现实意义。