Top Estonian Politician Konstantin päts's Financial Dealings with Moscow

The arrival of the Soviet military in Estonia, in 1940, displaced part of the Estonian-Swedish minority. Rather than relocate to the mainland, these displaced persons appealed to Sweden for permission to immigrate. The difficulty for Sweden to effectively negotiate for the repatriation demonstrated the limits of the supposedly neutral state and the weakness of their appeals on nationality grounds. This paper, based on archival research in Sweden, Estonia, and Russia, investigates the communication and continued attempts by the Estonian-Swedes and the Swedish Foreign Ministry to legally relocate this population in the early stages of the Second World War.     

清末“礼法之争”对现代中国法律制度的影响

清末“礼法之争”是中国与世界法制接轨的发端。礼教派提出的变法应立足本国国情，因俗治宜，保持各自的特色，有其合理性和一定的科学性，是符合我国现阶段的立法精神的。而法理派的主张由缺少中国特色。以史为鉴，我们要在拿来和守望中学会有所选择，有所摒弃，这也是今天法治建设的题中之义。     

A Historic Deal

正Putin’s visit upgrades China-Russia energy and security cooperation Chinese and Russian leaders have proclaimed to the world that their relationship is at a high point.The two major neighboring powers have now illustrated this claim by expanding ties in the fields of energy and security.Chinese President Xi Jinping and his Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin jointly released a statement on May 20 during the     

Hedonism and Ethical Crisis:A Study on Edward Albee‘s Everything in the Garden

Edward Albee’s Everything in the Garden is an ethical tragedy caused by hedonism. Both the hero and heroine lost their rationality for the sake of pursuing the satisfaction of desire, who finally committed the fearful ethical crime, murder, under the control of animal factor. Through the play, the playwright deliberately emphasizes the process of how a happy family moves towards abyss step by step due to the domination of material desire. The destruction of the family means that the “fun morality”, which represents the irrational will, finally defeats the “goodness morality”, which represents the rational will. This paper uses ethical literary criticism as the study method, through analyzing the ethical issues in the play, such as characters’ rational loss, moral turpitude, and lack of ethics, intending to seek the ethical prospect of Albee: by writing characters’ pursuit of extreme “fun morality” and the serious result brought by it, Albee attempts to arouse people’s yearning for “goodness morality”.     

五四时期新文化派与学衡派的文学论争

五四时期新文化派与学衡派在是否对文学进行改革及如何改革的问题上一度产生激烈的论争。两派围绕进化论是否适用于文学、文言与白话孰优孰劣、新诗与旧诗何者更能体现时代精神等几个主要问题展开了论战。两派对于文学问题的论争反映了近代文学转型的艰难。     

The decline of the idea of progress

The philosphers of the Englightenment conceived Progress as evidence of mankind's natural perfectibility. In the nineteenth century this image of the future was tarnished by abrupt epistemological changes and technical surprises. An unforeseen consequence of the invention and use of the steam engine was the breaking up of on idea that had acted as a principle for preservingt values, caused by the principle of the dissipation of energy in physics and the revolutionary analyses of the relations of socio-economic inequality in industrial societies. With Freud and Levi-Strauss, Carnot's principle becam the principle for judging history.     

The Material Culture of US Elections

Abstract

The abiding motif of election campaigns in the USA is not the spot ad, nor the candidate debate, nor even the campaign Web site, but instead remains the campaign button. It should be consigned to history by fast paced development of campaigns into modern technologies, but there are still hundreds of designs produced quadrennially for national campaigns, and many more for races at all levels. Even if the life of the campaign button is coming to a close, it has been a long run, from the brass buttons of 1789, to the tiny framed daguerreotypes of the mid-19th century, through the celluloid buttons of the 1890s, to the chip implanted versions of today.

But the campaign button is just the most ubiquitous example of the material culture of the US election. It has been modified by changes in artisan skills, industrial production, bulk availability, the changes in inexpensive materials and manufactures, and cost effectiveness and profitability. Over the same period of time many other artefacts have been used by entrepreneurs and campaigns to bring the candidates and their public together at the same time as making a profit-either financial or political. This article discusses the role of entrepreneurship, changing industrial technology, and the emergence of newly cost-effective materials, as contexts for the creation of the wealth of campaign ephemera that has adapted to change and maintained its place in the campaign for over 200 years.     

古代印度法的主要内容与特征——以《摩奴法论》为视角

古代印度法是世界主要法律传统之一。它包含着丰富的理念和制度，并在整体上形成了不同于其他古代法的鲜明特征。它在宗教和政治的关系上，表现为宗教之法；在不同种姓的关系上，表现为婆罗门之法；在学理与制度的关系上，表现为学说之法；在不同教派、行业与地域的关系上，表现为多元之法。深入研究这一法律文明，不仅可以拓展比较法的视野，而且有助于借鉴其中的有益资源。     

关于中国法律史研究的几点省思

近些年来 ,尽管学界对中国法律史研究有了长足的进步 ,但是 ,对于中国法律史研究的方法问题 ,依然缺乏必要的、自觉的省思。据此 ,本文从中国法律史研究的现状出发 ,对于中国法律史研究的方法问题进行一番检讨。文章共分四个部分 :首先 ,谈论方法的一个前提 ;其次 ,所谓历史的本来面目 ;再次 ,考证与解释 ;最后 ,史料与理论。     

The Hate Crime Canon and Beyond: A Critical Assessment

Although it remains an empirical question whether the U.S. is experiencing greater levels of hate-motivated-conduct than in the past, it is beyond dispute that the concept of ‘hate crime’ has been institutionalized in social, political, and legal discourse in the U.S. From the introduction and politicization of the term hate crime in the late 1970s to the continued enforcement of hate crime law at the beginning of the twenty-first century, social movements have constructed the problem of bias-motivated violence in particular ways, while politicians at both the federal and state level have made legislation that defines the parameters of hate crime. Accordingly, this article identifies and examines the parameters of a hate crime canon in the U.S., which can first and foremost be described as a body of law that 1) provides anew state policy action, by either creating anew criminal category, altering an existing law, or enhancing penalties for select extant crimes when they are committed for bias reasons; 2) contains an intent standard, which refers to the subjective intention of the perpetrator rather than relying solely on the basis of objective behavior; and 3) specifies a list of protected social statuses, such as race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, disabilities, etc. Arguing that these features constitute the core parameters of the hate crime canon and attendant discourse in the U.S., this article offers a critical assessment of the emergence, institutionalization, and arguable consequences of ‘hate crime’ as a recently developed social fact - in the Durkheimian sense of the word - that is consequential for the politics of victimization in the modern era and the social control of violence against minorities more particularly. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.