公众共用物开发利用法律规制的困境与破解

公众共用物是人类社会得以持续发展的物质源泉和基本资源。环境资源等公众共用物可被不特定多数人非排他性使用,但自由主义导致的个人利益至上,价值观缺陷导致的狭隘利益至上,使得公众因共用引发个体私人利益与公众公共利益之间的冲突,产生公众共用物的"公用悲剧"。针对公用缺陷,经典解决方案侧重通过产权化将具有非排他性的共用物转变为具有排他性的物权客体。由于对公众共用物过度或不当产权化,因此经典解决方案偏离了最初的设想,异化为公众共用物"私用悲剧"。公众共用物公用缺陷和私用缺陷是一个硬币的两面,为统筹解决这两种问题,对公众共用物的开发利用进行规制,需要明确公众共用物的法律地位,确认其共用权利性质,更新理念并明确公众共用物开发利用的原则,明晰公众共用物产权,明确并完善公众共用物调整方式。     

先秦法家法哲学思想概论

先秦法家法治思想的核心就是提倡"以法治国"。先秦法家不但有一套系统的法治理论,而且还有一套推行法治的方法。但法家的法哲学归根到底是为维护君权服务的。     

药品专利保护的博弈分析——兼论"公地悲剧"与"反公地悲剧"研究现状

加强药品专利保护才能避免"公地悲剧",促进医药产业的发展,但目前医药产业"专利丛林"现象,极易造成专利成果利用不足和上游基础研究被闲置的"反公地悲剧",为此学界在理论研究和实证分析中形成了"药品专利消极主义"和"药品专利积极主义"两种不同观点,论文指出"药品专利消极主义"更具有可信度。     

Accuracy of four dental age estimation methodologies in Brazilian and Croatian children

ObjectiveTo compare and analyse the accuracy of four age estimation methods using the mineralisation stages of the permanent teeth (Cameriere et al. [16] [CAM], Liliequist and Lundberg [LLH] and Nolla without third molars [NOL7] or with them [NOL8]) in a mixed population of Brazilians and a homogeneous population of Croatians.MethodsOrthopantomograms of 930 Brazilians (366 males and 564 females) and 924 Croatians (365 males and 556 females) aged between 8 and 14.99 years were analysed using the CAM, LLH, NOL7 and NOL8 age estimation methodologies.ResultsLLH presented the best absolute differences (ADs) among both populations without sex stratification, while CAM presented the worst results. In addition, the mean differences revealed underestimations, except when the LLH and NOL7 methods were used for the Brazilians. When the sample was stratified by sex, the best AD values were found with NOL7 (0.80) for the Brazilians and with LLH (0.98) for the Croatians. When the sample was stratified by sex and age, CAM presented high accuracy at the early ages, and LLH presented high accuracy at the older ages. The results obtained with the Nolla methods (NOL7 and NOL8) were mostly similar, but NOL7 yielded slightly better results.ConclusionsThe values for the Brazilians and the Croatians were relatively similar, and the techniques were properly applied in both population samples. The best method for evaluating both countries was LLH, followed by NOL7, NOL8 and CAM.     

Gault's Promise Revisited: The Search For Due Process

Fifty years ago, due process was introduced into the juvenile courts, but today children still do not have the guiding hand of counsel at every stage of the proceedings. In assessing the pre‐Gault world, Chief Justice Fortas observed that “[a] child receives the worst of both worlds:…he gets neither the protections accorded to adults nor the solicitous care and regenerative treatment postulated for children.” 1 Fortas opined that “Then as now good will and compassion were admirably prevalent. But recent studies have entered with surprising unanimity, sharp dissent to the vitality of this gentle conception. They suggest that the appearance as well as the actuality of fairness‐ impartiality and orderliness‐ in short the essentials of due process may be a more therapeutic attitude so far as the juvenile is concerned.” 2 The prescience of his observation has found resonance and reinforcement with the 2013 publication of Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach 3 which was commissioned by the Office of Juvenile Justice Delinquency and Prevention (OJJDP). Reforming Juvenile Justice's emphasis on encouraging not only the perception but the actuality of fairness in all domains 4 connects directly to the essence of Gault's message. “Treating youth fairly and ensuring that they perceive that have been treated fairly and with dignity contribute to positive outcomes in the normal processes of social learning, moral development, and legal socialization adolescence.” 5 The research also demonstrates that public health oriented alternatives to traditional court processing promote social connection and positive youth development. 6 The OJJDP report provides a road map for promoting positive youth development and social engagement by demonstrating that supporting such policies improves public safety outcomes by reducing recidivism. In exploring whether Gault's promise of due process has been realized or is still aspirational, this article suggests that our inquiry requires us to think contextually by considering how children and families are treated in and out of the courtroom. This entails consideration of educational, child welfare and mental health services, as well as the scope of legal entitlements. Equity and fundamental fairness, euphemisms for due process, are what will truly effectuate Gault's promise and should be the benchmark for all courts and systems that engage with children.     

The Impact of School Policing on Student Behaviors in Ohio Public Schools

The present study examined variations in incidents of student insubordination and violence using an individual change model, which allowed for repeated observations of student behaviors in 148 Ohio schools at the initial status (2010) and over time (2010 and 2014). Findings were significant only at the initial status. As school size and total number of school policing measures increased, so did student incidents of insubordination in 2010. School policing and the percentage of economic disadvantage did not predict violence. Findings considered the number of behavior incidents with respect to policing in all school locales, revealing the impact of school policing on student behaviors may transcend race and geographic location.     

哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院课程与学位结构分析

哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院在每一学年为研究生开设超过200门的课程,这些课程除强调基础理论方法、手段方面的政策与制度分析、公共组织的战略管理、政治主张及领导艺术外,还包括企业和政府政策、健康照料政策等12个专业领域的课程。肯尼迪政府学院硕士学位有MPA、MPP等多种类型,博士学位研究方向有公共政策、健康卫生政策、政治经济和政府、政府与社会政策等4个领域。     

大众文化与文化产业——批判理论的批判与中国语境的规范

大众文化的崛起与文化产业的兴盛带来了许多理论话题与现实问题.西方有影响的文化理论与批评话语引进新中国后,刺激了中国大众文化批评的开展,也解决了一部分中国的大众文化现实问题,至今仍是我们走向中国大众文化理论所必须汲取的话语资源.但我们要警惕和防止以"他者"的文化眼光来遮蔽中国本土的问题情况,或把西方社会的文化问题硬性移植到中国而变成"假想敌".     

党校主体班研究式教学方法探讨

改革、创新党校教学方式 ,一直是党校系统教学改革中重要问题。文章从三个方面对党校主体班研究式教学方法进行了探讨。第一 ,进行研究式教学是党校主体班教学改革的客观要求。第二 ,研究式教学方式的实施过程。第三 ,研究式教学方法中存在的问题和解决问题的对策     

河北早期青年运动的摇篮--育德中学

保定育德中学在上个世纪五四新文化运动以及二、三十年代我党领导的革命斗争时期,不仅是保定及河北青年运动的重要策源地和党团组织的大本营,而且是河北早期革命家的摇篮。育德中学曾经为河北革命乃至中国革命培养了一批精英和骨干,在河北乃至中国青运史上占有重要的位置。