Multilevel Modeling of Direct Effects and Interactions of Peers,Parents, School,and Community Influences on Adolescent Substance Use

This study tested a social-ecological model of adolescent substance use. Multilevel modeling was used to investigate how systems, such as parents, peers, schools, and communities, directly influence and interact together to influence adolescent substance use. Participants included 14,548 (50.3% female) middle school students who were 78.6% White, 5.4% Biracial, 4.8% Asian, 4.8% Black, and 3.6% Hispanic. Participants completed a survey with scales assessing substance use, peer influences, parental influences, and characteristics of their school and community. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to consider the variation of parental and peer influences on substance use and how schools and communities relate to both substance use and the relationship between substance use and peer and parental factors. Results indicated that a positive school climate and a positive sense of community were associated with less adolescent substance use and that a positive sense of community moderated the relation between peer and parental influence on adolescent substance use, thereby acting as a protective factor.

School Adjustment in Rural and Urban Communities: Do Students from “Timbuktu” Differ from Their “City Slicker” Peers?

The primary purpose of our study was to explore the effects of rurality on school adjustment and other school-related variables. Using data from 167,738 7th–12th graders located in a national sample of 185 predominantly white communities, multilevel models were estimated for perceived school performance and school liking using a variety of individual-level (e.g., gender, ethnicity, and peer school performance) and community/school-level variables (e.g., school size, rurality, and percentage free/reduced lunch) as predictor variables. Rurality was not significantly related to school adjustment, but rather, the characteristics of individuals living within those communities were. Results also indicated that participation in school and non-school activities, a strength of rural schools, can play a positive role in school adjustment. Given the significant relationships of income and parental education to all of the school-related variables, a key long-term strategy may lie in improving the economic climate of rural areas.

我校申报创建国家示范性高等职业院校的办学优势

上海公安高等专科学校切实按照上海市公安局党委的战略部署，牢固树立服务公安工作的办学思想，开拓创新，先行先试，调整办学定位，整合教育资源，深化教学改革，走出了一条以服务平安建设为宗旨、以公安工作需要为导向、校局联动、“战训研”结合、具有鲜明公安特色的职业教育发展新路，开创了公安院校办学新类型和人才培养的新模式。     

20世纪20年代乡土小说述评

乡土小说有着深厚的历史渊源,是中华民族传统精神的继承与延续,也是先贤留给我们的宝贵精神财富。20世纪20年代乡土小说立足于中国本土,有着浓郁的乡土气息,深含强烈的悲剧意识,在表现手法上克服了"思想大于形象"的通病,真实的再现了20年代社会的风貌,开拓了批判现实主义小说的新路,不仅是五四运动以来的重要文学现象,也是现代小说不容错过的课题。它所创造的小说散文化倾向也为小说样式的发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献。     

“We Don't Want a Teacher”: Using the Past to Offer Fresh Eyes to Contemporary Practice

Much historical and contemporary writing lauds the Citizenship Schools of the Civil Rights Movement, and the Highlander Folk School that supported them, as major players in the struggle to educate Black people across the South as citizens and voters. However, little scholarly literature explores the pedagogical and programmatic elements of these community-driven schools or the ways these schools provided an infrastructure to the movement. Drawing from archival research, this article examines these schools and connects their educational methods to the successes of the Civil Rights Movement. It names ways these methods influenced present practice in youth work for social change while also identifying the ways that many of the practices of these schools have been ignored or lost in contemporary youth work. It concludes by identifying from this work 9 questions youth workers can pose to orient their youth work toward social and racial justice.     

建设基层党校搞好党员教育

将党校建设延伸到基层,通过集中培训的方式进行党员教育是新时期的要求.加强基层党校建设,必须明确基层党校的任务与职责,充分发挥职能部门对基层党校建设的作用.     

随园女弟子考述

随园女弟子作为女性诗歌创作群体,乃清代乾嘉诗坛袁枚性灵派之一翼,其人数可考者达四、五十人.其出现于苏杭地区,与江南经济、文化的发达及思想观念的解放密切相关,也与袁枚的支持不可分.女弟子诗具有性灵派诗歌的特征.随园女弟子在中国妇女诗歌史上占有重要地位.     

论先秦儒家的推类理论

先秦儒家的孔子、孟子和荀子,在谈说论辩实践中都特别重视推类思维方法的运用。他们对类和推类的认识体现了儒家的推类理论由不自觉到自觉、由片面到全面的发展过程。与其他学派相比,儒家的推类主要是推＂仁＂、推＂爱＂的推理,是用来阐发其政治伦理思想和主张的主要手段和工具。     

关于20世纪中国史学发展道路的对话

20世纪中国史学名家辈出,成就巨大,今天对其发展道路认真地反思、总结,具有重要的学术价值和现实意义。首先,应当树立动态发展的眼光,从宏观上做出“新史学流派”的新概括,研究它如何由“思潮”发展到“流派”,研究这一群体所取得的重大成就,这一群体学者的共性和各自的学术个性;并进而形成20世纪史学“三大干流”（新史学流派、新历史考证学派、马克思主义史学流派）平行发展和相互影响的总体研究思路,取代以往“两大干流”的认识。其次,应进一步探究新历史考证学如何继承了乾嘉考证学的优良传统,同时又因获得进化史观等新的理论指导而成为一门近代学术;至1949年以后,又因为接受唯物史观的指导,而推进到新的境界。再次,对于马克思主义史学,应如实地总结它取得的巨大成就,同时深刻反思其经历过的曲折;要开掘出“传统思想的精华如何通向唯物史观”一类的新课题;对于建国后“十七年”史学,应抓住“两种对立的学风”这一关键做观察、分析,既认真总结教条主义一度盛行的深刻教训,又恰如其分地总结正直学者发扬优良学风而取得的巨大成绩,以此坚定我们坚持和发展唯物史观、用以指导史学研究的信心。     

Let Them Eat Lunch: The Impact of Universal Free Meals on Student Performance

This paper investigates the impact of extending free school lunch to all students, regardless of income, on academic performance in New York City middle schools. Using a difference-in-differences design and unique longitudinal, student-level data, we derive credibly causal estimates of the impacts of “Universal Free Meals” (UFM) on test scores in English Language Arts (ELA) and mathematics, and participation in school lunch. We find UFM increases academic performance by as much as 0.083 standard deviations in math and 0.059 in ELA for non-poor students, with smaller, statistically significant effects of 0.032 and 0.027 standard deviations in math and ELA for poor students. Further, UFM increases participation in school lunch by roughly 11.0 percentage points for non-poor students and 5.4 percentage points for poor students. We then investigate the academic effects of school lunch participation per se, using UFM as an instrumental variable. Results indicate that increases in school lunch participation improve academic performance for both poor and non-poor students; an additional lunch every two weeks increases test scores by roughly 0.08 standard deviations in math and 0.07 standard deviations in ELA. Finally, we explore potential unintended consequences for student weight outcomes, finding no evidence that UFM increases the probability that students are obese or overweight. We also find no evidence of increases in average body mass index (BMI). Instead, we find some evidence that participation in school lunch improves weight outcomes for non-poor students. Results are robust to an array of alternative specifications and assumptions about the sample.