签名笔迹量化检验研究用实验样本的设计与收集

本文在全面说明签名笔迹特点的基础上,阐述了签名笔迹特征层次结构模型的核心内容,重点探讨开展签名笔迹量化检验研究用实验样本的方案设计,收集方法与范围。同时,提出实验样本的设计与搜集应本着“贴近实战,服务办案”的原则,并具体设计了签名笔迹量化检验研究用实验样本的设计方案与具体内容,提出广泛收集具有代表性实验样本的具体要求。另外,提出了研究用实验样本筛选方法和扫描输入计算机具体要求。科学合理的设计与收集签名笔迹量化检验研究用实验样本,才能确保签名笔迹量化检验研究具体分析与统计结果的科学性和实用性。     

Handwriting of the alcoholic

Alcohol intoxication produces abnormal handwriting with manifestations that are thoroughly described in the literature of forensic science. A less known phenomenon is the peculiar handwriting changes found in alcoholics, especially individuals in the later stages of the disease. In addition to the two handwriting states of non-alcoholic drinkers (normal/sober and intoxicated) the alcoholic writer has a third state, handwriting done in withdrawal. Withdrawal is a state of tension resulting in handwriting characterized by irregularity, ataxia and tremor. This type of abnormal handwriting creates special problems of authentication requiring detailed background history and appropriate comparison specimens, but it can also be used to judge the writer's state of sobriety.     

对笔迹检验中差异点的几点认识

本文通过案例分析了笔迹检验中差异点形成的原因,并提出了笔迹检验工作中必须注意的三个关系,这对于笔迹检验实践具有一定的借鉴作用。     

通过笔画特征的变化判断印章印文与签名字迹先后顺序

印章印文与签名字迹先后顺序,受印泥、纸张和笔具性质等多种因素的影响,这种影响可通过签名字迹的笔画特征反映出来。对此,可以用普通40倍数光学显微镜进行检验判断。但由于原子印章所使用的盖印材质既不溶于水、草酸溶液,也不溶于有机溶剂,当签名字迹与原子印章印文相交时,其先后顺序并无明显的普遍性特征(如斑驳、变细等现象)可寻,所以,此种方法不适用于判断该类印章与签名字迹的先后顺序。     

Kinship assignment with the ForenSeq™ DNA Signature Prep Kit: Sources of error in simulated and real cases

Kinship recognition between anonymous DNA samples is becoming a relevant issue in forensics, more so with the increasing number of DNA profiles in databanks. Also, NGS-based genotyping is being increasingly used in routine personal identification, to simultaneously type large numbers of markers of different kind. In the present work, we explored computationally and experimentally the performance of the ForenSeq™ DNA Signature Prep Kit in identifying the true relationship between two anonymous samples, distinguishing it from other possible relationships. We analyzed with Familias R series of 10,000 pairs with 9 different simulated relationships, corresponding to different degrees of autosomal sharing. For each pair we obtained likelihood ratios for five kinship hypotheses vs. unrelatedness, and used their ranking to identify the preferred relationship. We also typed 21 subjects from two pedigrees, representing from parent-child to 4th cousins relationships. As expected, the power for identifying the true relationship decays in the order of autosomal sharing. Parent-child and full siblings can be robustly identified against other relationships. For half-siblings the chance of reaching a significant conclusion is already small. For more distant relationships the proportion of cases correctly and significantly identified is 10% or less. Bidirectional errors in kinship attribution include the suggestion of relatedness when this does not exist (10–50%), and the suggestion of independence in pairs of individuals more than 4 generations apart (25–60%). The real cases revealed a relevant effect of genotype miscalling at some loci, which could only be partly avoided by modulating the analysis parameters. In conclusion, with the exception of first degree relatives, the kit can be useful to inform additional investigations, but does not usually provide probatory results.     

关于多媒体时代公安院校加强书法教育的思考

素质教育是德育、智育、体育、美育诸育的有机组合。书法教育身兼德育、美育两大重任,其目标与素质教育“面向全体、全面发展、培养个性”的特征具有一致性,在素质教育中占有特殊的重要地位。公安院校应加强书法教育,在其课程定位、教学内容、教学方法与手段、物质保障等方面进行科学研讨、决策与实施,从而切实发挥书法教育的功能,促进公安院校学员素质的提升。     

Characteristics of erasable ball point pens

In 1979 shortly after the introduction of the erasable ball point pen two papers were published describing its basic characteristics (W.J. Flynn, J. Police Sci. Adm., 7 (1979) 346–349; P. Pfefferli and J. Mathyer, Rev. Int. Criminol. Police Tech., (1979) 407–419). Since that time two additional makes of pens and other colors of ink have been introduced, and the quality of writing has been significantly improved.The ink of the erasable pen differs significantly from that of the standard ball point pen, and for that matter from ink of all other modern day pens. In what way might this newer pen produce a written line different from other ball point pens? This is one question that the paper addresses with limited success.When erased, what techniques can be used to attempt to determine the text of the original writing? The writer considers all standard methods for deciphering erased writing and discusses modification by use of infrared film with oblique light photography — the method most successful in determining the original contents of the erasure.     

提高笔迹鉴定结论科学性的措施

笔迹鉴定建立在现代心理学、笔迹动力学、概率论等多种学科基础之上,其理论的科学性不容置疑。提高笔迹鉴定结论科学性的措施主要有:注意笔迹鉴定程序的科学性、详细了解案情、仔细检验检材样本、分析研究书面语言特征及文字布局特征、加强笔迹鉴定复核和监督、加强庭前质证、实事求是等。     

彝族人汉字笔迹检验——以一起彝族人汉字签名案件为例

少数民族在汉字书写上可能会受到其母语文字的影响,在笔迹上形成一些特殊的特征。在一起彝族人汉字签名案件的检验中,对照该嫌疑人彝文样本与汉字样本,发现彝文书写习惯对汉字书写产生负迁移。由此,获得以下经验：样本的价值不可一概而论;彝文与汉字也有比对的价值;特征价值也不可一概而论。