Succession strategies in the Pyrenees in the 19th century: The Basque case

Basque customs in the Old Regime dictated the traditional succession rules of aînesse intégrale, which entitled the first-born male or female child to inherit all family assets (house and land) upon marriage. He or she was then to cohabit with the parents as a stem family, thus securing the transition and continuity of the house. With the implementation of the Civil Code in the 19th century, these ancient succession practices were abolished, forcing families to partition their assets equally among their children. Family reconstitution, succession records, and land registers of the 19th century indicate that, despite the new law, Basque families circumvented the law to transmit their property to one child, thus avoiding partitioning and securing continuity of the house. To perpetuate their ancient succession practices, families elaborated new strategies, showing flexibility toward traditional practices (especially aînesse intégrale) and making concessions to the heir or heiress, spouse, and siblings. They adapted the customs to the new law while maintaining the most essential prerogatives of ancient family traditions (single inheritance) for the survival of the “house system”.     

‘Done to death by father or relatives’: Irish families and infanticide cases, 1922–1950

In February 1929 the Bishop of Ossory commented on the fact that in Ireland illegitimate infants were often ‘done to death by father or relatives’ (Irish Catholic, 16 February 1929). There were many instances where family members of unmarried women who gave birth were the sole defendants or co-defendants in infanticide cases in post-independent Ireland. Although illegitimate infants were ‘done to death’ by their fathers in a number of cases that were tried at the Central Criminal Court in Dublin between 1922 and 1950, this article will focus on cases where infants were murdered or suspected of having been murdered by relatives of the birth mother both in the Twenty-Six Counties and in Northern Ireland (Irish Catholic, 16 February 1929). For the purposes of this article I have referred to the murder of illegitimate infants as ‘infanticide’ even though there was no separate charge of infanticide in the Irish Free State until 1949. The English infanticide acts of 1922 and 1938 also applied to Northern Ireland. This article discusses the motives of the relatives of single mothers who played a part in the deaths of illegitimate infants. Unmarried motherhood was severely frowned upon in Ireland and the relatives of single pregnant women assisted their female kin in destroying the evidence of extra-marital conception in order to protect the family's honour and moral reputation in the wider community. The records of infanticide trials provide a great deal of insight into the ways in which mainly working-class families dealt with the strain of pregnancy outside wedlock in Ireland between 1922 and 1950.     

SNP genotyping of forensic casework samples using the 52 SNPforID markers

The analysis of degraded DNA is one of the biggest challenges in forensic casework. SNPs, which can be amplified using small amplicons, have previously been successfully applied to the profiling of forensic evidence that could not be analyzed using conventional STRs. Here we selected the 52 SNPforID SNP markers, with amplicons that ranged in size from 59 bp to 115 bp, and used them to profile a range of casework samples from Malaysia. DNA degradation is a common problem in Malaysia due to the high temperatures and humidity. To carry out the study we modified the 52 SNPforID markers into four 13-plex SNaPshot assays to enable easier interpretation of profiles on the ABI PRISM^® 310 and 3500.Fifty-one crime samples comprising bloodstains on cloth, swabs, and a mat and 2 swabs of trace DNA from 10 crime scenes in Malaysia were profiled after DNA extraction using a phenol–chloroform method. The samples were also subjected to STR analysis using the Powerplex^® 16 system (Promega), which resulted in only 17 full profiles and 9 partial profiles; using SNPs, 36 full profiles and 5 partial profiles could be generated.     

公安院校学生职业创新能力培养初探——基于学生参与科研项目研究的视角

让学生参与科研项目研究有助于培养具有职业创新能力的警务人才。目前,公安院校学生参与科研项目研究仍存在一些制约因素,公安院校应提高对学生科研重要性的认识,从加强管理、优化机制、强化指导、营造环境等方面加强和促进学生科研的工作,培养具有职业创新精神和创新能力的警务人才。     

劳动争议案件证明责任的分配原理

我国劳动争议的证明责任规范呈现碎片化、粗糙化倾向,实务中存在对劳动争议证明责任二元结构理解的混沌状态。司法实践呼唤劳动争议证明责任规范走向体系化、精细化,客观公正目标的实现需要主观证明责任的理性回归。文书提出命令和证明妨碍制度提供了平衡劳动者和用人单位主观证明责任的契机;立法规范应当立足待证事实,完善我国劳动争议案件的客观证明责任理论体系。关于劳动争议案件中工资待遇、管理行为和公司单方控制证据的特别事实要件,应由用人单位负担客观证明责任,其余要件事实的证明责任分配应符合法律要件分类说的一般立场。     

特朗普政府强化对中国技术出口管制的经济影响——基于“全球贸易分析模型”的评估

特朗普政府上台后,不断将中国高科技公司与机构列入美方出口管制"实体清单",技术出口管制已成为美国对中国实施极限施压和战略遏制的重要工具。本文运用GTAP评估了美国加强对华技术出口管制对中美两国经济影响,模拟分析中国采取各种对策的效果,研究表明:第一,美国不断加强对华技术出口管制,中美两国GDP、居民消费支出和资本回流净收益率、社会福利、进出口贸易遭受的负面影响也不断加大。第二,采用"增强自主创新能力"与"加强国际经济技术合作"相结合方式来应对美国技术出口管制,中国不但能够获得更多的宏观经济效益,还可以减少中国出口所遭受的负面影响与扩大中国进口,但可能对美国宏观经济和进出口贸易产生较大不利影响。第三,美方加强对中国技术出口管制,对中美两国生产部门产出影响较小;中国在增强自主创新能力的同时,加强国际经济技术合作,有助于提高美国总产出水平,更有助于提高中国的总产出水平。     

紧密围绕发展这个主题加强党的执政能力建设

加强党的执政能力建设,要紧密围绕发展这个主题来展开。因为把发展作为党执政兴国的第一要务,用发展的办法解决前进中的问题,是我们党有效执政、长期执政的一条重要的基本经验;坚持以人为本、实现全面协调可持续的发展,是当前和今后很长时期内加强党的执政能力建设的主要任务所贯穿的主题;把中国发展起来,实现中华民族的伟大复兴,是检验党的执政能力建设成效的根本判断标准。     

试论合同诈骗犯罪的认定

合同诈骗犯罪应从履行合同的能力、履行合同的行为两方面来认定。对经济合同诈骗犯罪与经济合同纠纷认定的根据是当事人的履行能力及其主观心理状态和当事人的实际履约行为及其主观心理状态。合同诈骗犯罪的侦查重点要放在查清犯罪嫌疑人犯罪的故意、犯罪主体、犯罪行为及资金流向等方面。     

论执法保障与行政执法能力的提高

依法行政的重心在于行政执法。要完成执法任务,行政执法主体必须具备相应的能力。我国当前行政执法中存在诸多问题的一个重要原因就是由于行政执法缺乏保障而致使行政执法主体的能力欠缺。因而,应加强对行政执法的保障,提高行政执法主体的执法能力。     

中欧警察培训项目对专业英语教学的启示——以刑事技术专业“法医鉴定”为视角

我们以中欧警察培训项目刑事技术专业"法医鉴定"为视角,阐述了专业英语的理论依据,分析了刑事技术专业知识融入英语教学的必要性,并从刑事技术专业英语词汇库的构建、犯罪现场勘查规范程序的借鉴、法庭科学研究网络的利用等方面研究刑事技术专业内容与英语教学的有效融合,突显了专业英语教学的创新。创新型教学理念的构建有助于培养警察的专业英语能力,更能有效提升警察的职业能力。