Identity and learning in international volunteerism: ‘Sport for Development and Peace’ internships

Young sportspersons now serve abroad within the ‘Sport for Development and Peace’ (SDP) movement. Drawing on interviews with former interns from Commonwealth Games Canada's Canadian Sports Leadership Corps programme, this study explored what interns brought to, and learnt from, international SDP service. Interns confronted notions of expertise and privilege and, in some cases, considered the limits of Northern development stewardship. Interns also experienced a sense of ‘First World guilt’ that secured their sense of self at the expense of deeper engagements with inequality and struggles for development justice. Based on these findings, recommendations for supporting future volunteers are considered.

Identité et apprentissage dans le volontariat international : stages « Sport for Development and Peace »

De jeunes sportifs sont désormais actifs à l'étranger dans le cadre du mouvement « Sport for Development and Peace » (SDP - Sport pour le développement et la paix ). Sur la base d'entretiens avec d'anciens stagiaires du programme du Groupe canadien de leadership dans le sport des Jeux du Commonwealth Canada, cette étude a examiné ce que les stagiaires ont apporté au service SDP et ont appris de ce dernier. Les stagiaires se sont confrontés aux notions de connaissances spécialisées et de privilège et, dans certains cas, ont réfléchi aux limites de la gestion du développement émanant du Nord. Les stagiaires ont aussi ressenti une mesure de « culpabilité du Premier Monde » qui a renforcé leur sentiment de soi aux dépens d'engagements plus approfondis contre l'inégalité et de luttes pour la justice en matière de développement. Sur la base de ces conclusions, des recommandations pour soutenir les volontaires futurs sont considérées.

Identidade e Aprendizado no Voluntariado Internacional: Estágios do Esporte para Desenvolvimento e Paz

Jovens esportistas agora atuam no exterior dentro do movimento “Esporte para Desenvolvimento e Paz” (SDP). Baseando-se em entrevistas com antigos internos do programa “Canadian Sports Leadership Corps” do Commonwealth Games Canada, este estudo examinou a contribuição dos internos ao serviço do SDP internacional e o que eles aprenderam com este serviço. Os internos confrontaram noções de conhecimento e privilégio e, em alguns casos, consideraram os limites da liderança do desenvolvimento do hemisfério norte. Os internos também vivenciaram uma sensação de “culpa do Primeiro Mundo” que assegurou a consciência do seu eu às custas de engajamentos mais profundos com desigualdade e lutas por justiça de desenvolvimento. Com base nestes resultados, as recomendações para apoiar voluntários futuros são consideradas.

Identidad y aprendizaje en el voluntariado internacional: pasantías del programa Deportes para el Desarrollo y la Paz

Actualmente varios deportistas jóvenes cooperan en el extranjero en el marco del movimiento “Deportes para el Desarrollo y la Paz” (DDP). Basándose en entrevistas a excooperantes del programa Cuerpo de Líderes Deportivos Canadienses de los Juegos de la Mancomunidad en Canadá, este ensayo analiza lo que los cooperantes aportaron a y aprendieron de su experiencia internacional en el DDP. Los cooperantes afrontaron juicios de experiencia y privilegio y, en algunos casos, reflexionaron sobre los límites de la gestión basada en el desarrollo del Norte. Los cooperantes experimentaron la “culpabilidad del Primer Mundo”, que si bien provocó la autoreflexión, se hizo a costa de un compromiso más profundo contra la desigualdad y por la lucha a favor de la justicia en el desarrollo. En función de estos resultados, el ensayo formula recomendaciones para el apoyo a futuros voluntarios.     

Motivation in humanitarian health workers: a self-determination theory perspective

This paper emerged from the authors' interest in why humanitarian health workers initially engage and remain in humanitarian work, often in the face of threats to safety and personal well-being. Semi-structured qualitative interviews assessed the consciously available reasons why individuals engaged in humanitarian health work. Interview data was unpacked through a thematic analysis. Using self-determination theory as a guiding framework, data suggested introjected and identified motivations are applicable to this occupational domain. Introjected motivation is implicated in initial reasons to engage the work, while identified motivation is implicated in reasons to continue. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Motivation parmi les travailleurs humanitaires dans le domaine de la santé : un point de vue basé sur la théorie de l'autodétermination

Cet article a émané de l'intérêt de l'auteur concernant les raisons pour lesquelles les travailleurs humanitaires dans le domaine de la santé s'engagent initialement et continuent de travailler dans l'humanitaire, souvent malgré les menaces qui pèsent sur leur sécurité et sur leur bien-être personnel. Des entretiens qualitatifs semi-structurés ont permis d'évaluer les raisons consciemment disponibles qui expliquent que certaines personnes se soient engagées dans le travail humanitaire dans le domaine de la santé. Les données obtenues grâce aux entretiens ont été examinées au moyen d'une analyse thématique. En prenant la théorie d'autodétermination comme cadre d'orientation, les données ont suggéré que des motivations introjectées et identifiées sont applicables à ce domaine professionnel. La motivation introjectée intervient dans les raisons initiales de s'engager dans ce type de travail, tandis que la motivation identifiée intervient dans les raisons de continuer. Les implications théoriques et pratiques de ces conclusions font l'objet d'une discussion.

Motivação para Trabalhadores Humanitários da Área da Saúde: Uma Perspectiva da Teoria da Auto-Determinação

Este artigo surgiu do interesse dos autores em saber por que os trabalhadores humanitários da área da saúde engajam-se inicialmente e depois permanecem no trabalho humanitário, frequentemente enfrentando ameaças à segurança e bem-estar pessoal. Entrevistas qualitativas semiestruturadas avaliaram as razões dos indivíduos engajarem-se no trabalho humanitário na área da saúde, razões estas conscientemente apresentadas. Dados da entrevista foram processados através de uma análise temática. Utilizando a teoria da auto-determinação como estrutura de orientação, os dados sugeriram que as motivações introjetadas e identificadas são aplicáveis a este domínio ocupacional. A motivação introjetada está associada às razões iniciais de se engajar no trabalho, enquanto a motivação identificada está associada às razões de se permanecer no trabalho. As implicações teóricas e práticas destes resultados são discutidas.

La motivación en los trabajadores humanitarios de salud: una perspectiva de la teoría de la autodeterminación

Este ensayo surgió del interés de los autores en cómo los trabajadores humanitarios de salud inician su trabajo y permanecen en él a pesar de las frecuentes amenazas a su seguridad y bienestar personal. Las entrevistas cualitativas semiestructuradas realizadas revelaron las razones enunciadas conscientemente de porqué los individuos participan en el trabajo humanitario en salud. Se evaluaron las entrevistas a través de un análisis temático. Utilizando la teoría de la autodeterminación como marco, las entrevistas sugieren la existencia de motivaciones tanto introyectadas como identificadas en este ámbito de trabajo. La motivación introyectada se refiere a las razones para iniciar el trabajo y la motivación identificada a las razones para seguir en él. El ensayo examina las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas de estos resultados.     

Service delivery on the cheap? Community-based workers in development interventions

Within current neo-liberal approaches to development, models of community-driven development assume that community-based workers (CBWs) are key actors in improved and accessible service delivery. We argue that use of CBWs is under-theorised and seems to be based largely on untested assumptions about community participation and responsibility. Drawing on case studies on potable-water management and home-based care for HIV/AIDS patients in Tanzania and South Africa, the article explores issues of accountability, professionalism, and personal motivations in systems involving CBWs. It argues that many assumptions in relation to the effectiveness of CBW programmes require re-visiting.     

Rethinking Conflict: Perspectives from the Insight Approach

In this article, the authors present the “insight approach” to conflict as an analytical and methodological framework that addresses the dynamic interactions between conflicting parties. According to the insight approach, conflict is relational, dynamic, and adaptive, generated from the responsive interpretive frameworks that parties use to construct meaning. Conflict arises as a result of parties' experience of what insight theorists call “threat‐to‐cares,” which generates defend–attack patterns of interaction between them. The authors suggest that rethinking the nature of conflict so that it is seen as an interaction embedded in meaning making enables conflict interveners to help parties gain insight into, and articulate, the values that are being generated, advanced, threatened, and realigned within the complex interactions that define us as social beings. In doing so, parties develop abilities to generate new patterns and solutions that can limit and even eliminate the experiences of threat that generate conflict between them.     

LEARNING TO BE BAD: ADVERSE SOCIAL CONDITIONS,SOCIAL SCHEMAS,AND CRIME*

In this article, we develop and test a new approach to explain the link between social factors and individual offending. We argue that seemingly disparate family, peer, and community conditions lead to crime because the lessons communicated by these events are similar and promote social schemas involving a hostile view of people and relationships, a preference for immediate rewards, and a cynical view of conventional norms. Furthermore, we posit that these three schemas are interconnected and combine to form a criminogenic knowledge structure that results in situational interpretations legitimating criminal behavior. Structural equation modeling with a sample of roughly 700 African American teens provided strong support for the model. The findings indicated that persistent exposure to adverse conditions such as community crime, discrimination, harsh parenting, deviant peers, and low neighborhood collective efficacy increased commitment to the three social schemas. The three schemas were highly intercorrelated and combined to form a latent construct that strongly predicted increases in crime. Furthermore, in large measure, the effect of the various adverse conditions on increases in crime was indirect through their impact on this latent construct. We discuss the extent to which the social‐schematic model presented in this article might be used to integrate concepts and findings from several major theories of criminal behavior.     

The public health implications of United Kingdom offender healthcare policy: a holistic approach to achieve individual and societal gains

In 2009, two seminal documents were published by the United Kingdom (UK) government concerning healthcare services for offenders. The Bradley review into diversion for people with mental health problems and learning disabilities emphasised a need to improve offender health, not least because of the high economic costs to society as a whole resulting from unresolved mental illness, physical ill-health and substance abuse problems commonly experienced by offenders. The Bradley review made wide-reaching recommendations for change, requiring strong partnership between health and justice agencies at both central government and local levels. A framework for the delivery of Bradley's recommendations has been set out in Improving health, supporting justice, the Department of Health's offender health strategy which sets out the direction of travel for the next 10 years.This paper discusses the reality of working toward improving health services for this marginalised group in the context of the influence of the current straitened financial climate on the allocation of resources to publically funded healthcare in the UK; it examines the historically based, and widely held, belief in the principle of “less eligibility” within our society, whereby there is much public and media resistance to allocating resources to improving care for offenders when other, more “deserving”, groups are perceived to be in continuing need.     

e-Youth before its judges - Legal protection of minors in cyberspace

The present paper¹ aims both at introducing the legal aspects of the protection of minors in cyberspace and analysing and criticizing certain main features embedded in this legal approach of young people protection. After a short introduction underlining the concept of child’s rights and the reason why this right has been particularly proclaimed in the context of the cyberspace, the first section describes the new technological features of the ICT environment and linked to this evolution the increasing risks the minors are confronted with. A typology of cyber abuses is proposed on the basis of these considerations. A list of EU or Council of Europe texts directly or indirectly related to the minors’ protection into the cyberspace is provided. The second section intends to analyse certain characteristics of the legal approach as regards the ways by which that protection is conceived and effectively ensured. Different principles and methods might be considered as keywords summarizing the legal approach and to a certain extent, fixing a partition of responsibilities taking fully into account the diversity of actors might be deduced from the different regulatory documents.The third section comes back to the different complementary means by which the Law is envisaging the minors’ protection. The obligation to create awareness about the potential risks minors might incur definitively is the first one. The omnipresent reference in all the legal texts to the role of self-regulatory interventions constitutes another pillar of the protection envisaged by the Law. After having described the multiple instruments developed in the context of this self-regulation (labels, codes of conduct, hotlines, ODR…) or even co-regulation, the paper examines the conditions set by the European legislators as regards these instruments. Technology might be considered as a fourth method for protecting children. Our concern will be to see how the Law is addressing new requirements as regards the technological solutions and their implementation. The present debates about the liability of the actors involved in applications or services targeted or not vis-à-vis the minors like SNS or VSP operators are evoked. As a final point the question of the increasing competences of LEA and the reinforcement of the criminal provisions in order to fight cyber abuses against minors will be debated. In conclusion, we will address final recommendations about the way by which it would be possible to reconcile effective minors’ protection and liberties into the cyberspace.     

司法规律及其相关问题

司法规律是司法活动中不以人的意志为转移的客观法则或定则。它不取决于人的主观好恶。研究司法规律,应深入到司法活动的各个具体领域中去探索,而不是简单地做一些命题式的解读。以司法特性问题作为个例,探讨在此问题上的各种不同主张,并对司法规律的延伸性问题———规范类型问题进行探讨。     

对我国综合行政执法相关问题的思考

社会主义法治理论主要体现为依法治国、执法为民、公平正义、服务大局、党的领导五个方面,其中执法为民是社会主义法治理论体系的核心和精髓.然而.多年来我国的行政执法工作在理论和实践方面存在着概念不清、多头执法、政出多门等诸多问题,给社会和谐与人民生活带来了许多不利影响.本文对行政执法的概念、方式、权限、过程问题进行了分析,厘清了行政执法工作在政策理论和社会实践中的误区,在此基础上对我国在新的历史条件下更好地开展行政执法工作提出相关的建议.     

社会转型时期利益表达机制的构建

有社会便有纠纷,于是人民群众迫切需要防止和解决纠纷场所、机构、程序以及有关的规则。社会转型时期,出现了一些激进的、非制度的甚至带有暴力倾向的利益诉求方式,很大程度上影响了我国民主的发展和政治的稳定。需认真分析利益诉求的现状、诉求渠道存在的主要问题,构建新型利益表达机制。