Changing arenas for agricultural climate change adaptation in Vietnam

Great changes are underway in how climate and agricultural risks are managed in Vietnam. Uncertainties are emerging regarding the role of the state in managing these risks and what this implies for assumptions regarding hoped-for climate change transformations. Local government control is waning in relation to the expanding roles of the private sector and the growing autonomy of farmers themselves. This article presents cases that illustrate the ways that farmers, private investors, and local authorities are responding to climate risk within roles relating to the other risks involving markets, food security, and pressures on common property resources.     

中美两国太空安全领域的互动

作为第四空间的太空是国际争夺的战略制高点。中美两国在太空领域有着广泛利益,涉及其国家安全与经济繁荣以及国际声望。中美两国之间的太空关系,事关国际战略稳定与平衡。尽管两国都主张太空安全,但是中美太空安全观大相径庭,在如何确保太空安全的方式上存在巨大差异。中国在安全困境下考虑和实施太空政策,谋求太空安全;美国则是推进太空武器化,保证美国治下的太空安全。两国在太空安全领域上进行了针锋相对的较量。美国使用传统守成大国对待崛起大国的方法,不仅研发更先进的(反)太空技术,而且也禁止中美太空合作,同时拼凑同盟,封堵中国(反)太空能力的发展。与美国相比,中国应对美国太空封堵手段相对较少,只有潜心发展自己的(反)太空能力,才能确保太空资产安全和国家安全。在外交场合下,在禁止太空军备竞赛与《禁止生产用于核武器及爆炸装置的裂变材料条约》、禁止太空武器化的国际条约与自愿性质的国际太空行为规范准则两组问题上,中美两国也进行了互不妥协的对抗。为降低两国在太空安全领域的对抗烈度,中美两国开启了民用太空对话与太空安全对话机制,同时,也不排除特朗普政府未来会启用中美外交安全对话机制处理太空安全问题。     

Legal empowerment of the poor: with a little help from their friends?

In 2005 the initiative to create a High Level Commission on the Legal Empowerment of the Poor, to be co-chaired by Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto and former US Foreign Affairs Secretary Madeleine Albright, was launched with strong support from the Norwegian government. This article first reviews some of the debate surrounding the initiative, giving special attention to the role of Norwegian civil society organisations that questioned central assumptions of the Commission as well as its composition and working procedures. Next, the article looks at the propositions made by the Commission on the Legal Empowerment of the Poor and argues that it was very much a top-down affair that called on those in power to behave in favour of the poor and relegated organisations of the poor and civil society to a supportive role. Issues of political power thus were downplayed. This also is reflected in the fact that the question of (re)distribution of assets is hardly addressed by the Commission. Questions of power or the distribution of assets were sidestepped by focusing primarily on the legal dimension and formalisation. And, although the Commission mentions macro-economic conditions it fails to critically analyse the conditions that account for poverty and informality, which basically are attributed to legal arrangements. Such an analysis would require a (critical) political economy perspective.     

Local-level law enforcement: Muscovites and their uchastkovyy

The uchastkovyy, or beat officer, is at the front lines of Russian police work. This article investigates the general environment in which the uchastkovyy functions, using Moscow as an example. More specifically, this article examines the institutional structure within which the beat cop operates, his/her duties and resources, the quota system used to evaluate his/her performance, and the nature of the interaction between the uchastkovyy and the public. In so doing, the study disaggregates the monolith that is the Russian police, focusing on that component of the force (uchastkovyy) that interacts most directly with the citizenry. It relies on data from a survey of 1500 Muscovites and four focus group encounters organized by the author to elicit a broad range of public attitudes regarding the performance and conduct of uchastkovyy, exploring particularly what measures might be taken to enhance the level of public trust in their local beat officers.     

Limits to non‐state market regulation: A qualitative comparative analysis of the international sport footwear industry and the Fair Labor Association

Non‐state market regulation has become a central focus and continues to receive scholarly attention. The present paper provides an assessment of the conditions under which multinational firms join a multi‐stakeholder certification initiative. The cases of the Fair labor Association and 17 international sport footwear companies have been selected for this purpose. A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of the 17 cases is performed. The paper argues that the combination of sustained NGO pressure and public ownership of a firm is a necessary precondition for firms joining a multi‐stakeholder certification initiative. The theoretical and policy implications of this result are discussed.     

Presidential roles and rhetoric

Traditional literature on the public dimensions of the American presidency suggests that the office has a significant impact upon the political lives of Americans and that contemporary presidents frequently appeal for public support to pressure other government elites. This study systematically analyzes rhetorical references to the presidency by examining a president's articulation of presidential roles in public speeches and press conferences. This study finds that Johnson, Nixon, and Carter did rhetorically refer to presidential roles, especially when confronted by crisis and controversy. The implication is that when confronted by serious controversy, presidents tell Americans about the responsibilities of the presidency in an effort to mobilize public support.     

东盟东增长区的发展与引资成效

自20世纪90年代初以来,东盟次区域经济合作非常活跃,先后出现了新加坡、马来西亚柔佛和印尼的廖内群岛等组成的"新柔廖增长三角",又被称为"东盟南增长三角";印尼、马来西亚、泰国相邻部分组成的"东盟北增长三角";文莱、印尼、马来西亚和菲律宾相邻部分组成的"东盟东部经济增长区(简称东盟东增长区)"等.这些由东盟各国自愿组成的各种增长三角已成为东盟进行合作的重要形式,促进了东盟各国间经济联系和相互合作,带动了贸易和投资的发展.本文选取东盟区域内最大的、最年轻的东盟东增长区,分析其带动资本流动的效果,探讨其发展成效.     

副猪嗜血杆菌抗体间接血凝检测方法的建立及应用

将副猪嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus parasuis,HPS)血清型4、5型分离菌株经超声波破碎处理后的产物致敏醛化红细胞,建立了检测HPS抗体的间接血凝试验方法。最适反应条件为绵羊红细胞30℃醛化5 h,4、5型菌株浓缩抗原以1∶8稀释致敏红细胞。免疫猪2周后检出率达89%。对15种HPS血清型阳性血清进行检测,结果均为阳性;对猪瘟病毒、口蹄疫病毒、猪圆环病毒、猪细小病毒、猪伪狂犬病病毒、猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒、猪肺炎支原体、猪链球菌、猪肺疫巴氏杆菌、Ⅰ相支气管败血波氏杆菌及胸膜肺炎放线杆菌阳性血清进行检测,结果均为阴性。敏感性为琼脂扩散试验的16倍。对1 665份猪血清进行检测,阳性率为47.1%。结果表明,该方法敏感性较高,特异性强,重复性好,可用于疫苗免疫后抗体水平的检测及副猪嗜血杆菌的流行病学调查。     

乙酰化修饰枸杞多糖及其抗氧化、抗肿瘤活性研究

目的观察分子结构乙酰化修饰对枸杞多糖(Lycium barbarum L.polysaccharide,LBP)体内抗氧化、抗肿瘤活性的影响。方法通过分子结构乙酰化修饰得到枸杞多糖乙酰化衍生物LBPa;将昆明种小鼠随机分成空白对照组,阳性对照组(维生素C),LBP高、低剂量组及LBPa高、低剂量组,测定小鼠血清和肝脏丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、肝脏总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)。复制H22荷瘤小鼠模型,灌胃给药LBP,考察LBPa和LBP对肿瘤细胞抑制率、脾脏指数、胸腺指数及血清肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factorα,TNF-α)和白介素-2(interleukin,IL-2)含量的影响。结果 LBPa可以显著提高正常小鼠肝组织CAT活力及T-AOC,降低小鼠血清及肝脏MDA含量,其抗氧化效果优于维生素C及LBP,LBPa及LBP抗氧化活性均与剂量具有正相关性。LBPa可显著抑制H22肿瘤细胞增殖,提高免疫器官指数,提高血清IL-2及TNF-α含量;除IL-2含量外,对其他指标的影响均有剂量依赖性;LBPa抗肿瘤活性明显优于LBP。结论乙酰化修饰可显著提高LBP的抗氧化及抗肿瘤活性。     

TD-RAPD技术用于罂粟品种鉴定初探

目的探索TD-RAPD技术用于罂粟品种鉴定的可行性。方法采用改良CTAB法从罂粟叶片中提取DNA;TD-RAPD技术对种植于云南西双版纳地区的1个罂粟样品进行扩增分析。结果建立了罂粟DNA提取方法,从10个随机引物中筛选出6个引物用于罂粟TD-RAPD分析。结论TD-RAPD技术可用于罂粟DNA的分子标记,为罂粟DNA数据库建立提供技术方法,最终从DNA分子水平上追溯罂粟植物毒源。