刑事鉴定制度修改完善的几个关键问题

全国人大常委会于2011年8月30日发布《刑事诉讼法修正案（草案）》,向社会公开征询意见。根据常委会初审的意见和征询意见将作必要的修改,其中对鉴定制度的修改,涉及几个关键性的问题,主要包括：鉴定结论的名称问题、鉴定人出庭作证问题、精神病鉴定及其强制医疗问题等。对这些问题的规定、完善都应当建立在对刑事鉴定制度模式的准确定位基础之上。然而,修正案对这些问题的规定虽有进步之处,但也存在不足,亟需在对刑诉法进行修改之时予以完善。     

中国法学的苏联渊源——以中国法学的学科性质和知识来源为主要考察对象

苏联法学对中国法学的影响,从中国法学的学科性质和知识来源来看,主要表现在资本主义法学与社会主义法学的关系、革命时期法学与执政时期法学的关系、法学与意识形态、法学的研究对象、法学与实践、法学的知识来源、法学研究的范式与方法、法学学科的独立性、法学教育的模式等九个方面。关于中国法学与苏联法学之间的渊源关系,一是要反思中国法学与苏联法学的渊源关系背后的中国法学与苏联模式的渊源关系,二是要反思关于中国法学与苏联法学渊源关系的几种主要研究视角,积极影响和消极影响、路径依赖两种视角并未真正抓住问题的核心,从普遍性与特殊性辩证法的视角展开讨论将是一种更有助益的视角。     

香港宪政秩序变迁中的判例制度

回归前的香港在港英宪政秩序下建立了英式司法体系,经过长期英国普通法传统的培养、训练以及结合香港本土情况的司法实践积累,形成了英属司法区的判例制度。回归初期香港处于新旧宪政秩序转型和过渡的阶段,中央与特区之间、大陆法制与香港普通法传统之间的摩擦和冲突在所难免,香港的判例制度因此呈现出新的特点和变化。然而正是在这种相互冲突和相互摩擦的过程中,中央与特区、大陆法制与香港普通法传统寻找到了相互磨合和相互适用的方式和路径,香港判例制度的发展也因此从中获得了新的生命意义。     

Soviet musicology and the ‘nationalities question’: the case of latvia

Nation branding, as a phenomenon, is attracting increasing scholarly attention. However, much of the existing literature has been written by those involved in the public relations industry themselves. There have been some studies which have been written from a critical viewpoint; however, the tensions of branding a nation have often been neglected. This paper aims to explore the inherent tensions between nation branding and nation building. To what extent is nation branding a tool or a practice? What images of the nation do branders seek to promote, and who is this image for? Is nation branding merely a more palatable version of nationalism? In particular this paper focuses on the debates surrounding the launch of Brand Estonia in 2001/2. Brand Estonia, with the slogan Welcome to Estonia: Positively Transforming, was launched to coincide with Estonia staging the Eurovision Song Contest in 2002. It is a unique and interesting case study given the level of controversy that the initiative generated amongst the Estonian public. Estonia was the first Former Soviet Republic to launch a nation branding project and, perhaps more controversially, it was managed by a British-based company, Interbrand. However, little scholarly attention has been paid to public-level discourses concerning Brand Estonia. The empirical findings discussed in this article highlight some of the more salient narratives on national identity that Brand Estonia engendered and therefore aims to fill this gap.     

History writing as agitation and propaganda: the Kazakh history book of 1943

The reconstruction of the Soviet recent past is a controversial issue in the post-Soviet republics. In Kazakhstan, the reconstruction of the past has gradually rehabilitated leading Kazakh communists, such as Zhumabai Shaiakhmetov. One of the main rationales of this rehabilitation is his support for Kazakh historical writing, which resulted in a textbook published in 1943. This work has been seen as an endeavor by ‘patriotic’ Kazakh officials and historians to defend Kazakh national heritage against the ‘Soviet colonial empire’. By presenting a broader view of the war period in Kazakhstan from the archives, this article argues that this history textbook was in fact merely an agitation-propaganda product of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan. Shaiakhmetov and others had mostly secured their career by remaining loyal to the Soviet system during the collectivization, the Great Famine and the Great Terror. Therefore, their encouragement of the publication of a national history in 1943 for propaganda purposes does not qualify them as suitable predecessors of the current generation of Kazakh rulers.     

试论加强明显新颖性审查的必要性

第三次修改的《专利法实施细则》在实用新型初步审查范围中增加了明显新颖性审查,为实用新型专利申请明显新颖性审查提供了法律依据。通过从多方面论述明显新颖性审查对提高实用新型专利授权质量、推动实用新型专利制度的可持续性发展的必要性,分析平衡审查效能是现阶段加强明显新颖性审查的主要考虑因素,指出实现全面提升实用新型专利质量的长期目标需要申请人与行政部门长期共同努力。     

遏制非法出入境行为的对策建构——基于云南边境民族地区边防安全与民族习惯的现实考量

边境是指连接国家边界线两边的一定的区域。云南边境与越南、老挝、缅甸接壤,由于特殊的地理环境,边境两侧无天然屏障,临时入出境通道、便道不计其数,加之当地居民长期养成了从乡间便道过境耕牧、走亲串友的生产、生活习惯,导致出入境管理异常困难,多年来形成"有边难防"的局面。大量存在的非法出入境行为,严重威胁和影响着边疆地区社会的稳定与边防安全,遏制非法出入境行为势在必行。应该在考虑民族地区的特殊情况、依法适当变通的前提下,建构"有边严防"的管理模式。     

中国公民环境税费支付意愿实证分析

随着人口增长和消费行为的变化,公众成为环境影响的重要主题。同时,全球环境治理也逐步从管制-命令向公众参与转变,公众成为环境政策过程的重要参与者。借助"世界价值观调查"2007年的数据,研究中国公民的环境税费支付意愿,从而揭示出影响环境政策工具民意基础的重要因素。逻辑斯蒂模型的分析结果表明,环保意识、发展观和政治信任是左右人们支持政府环境经济政策的重要因素,并且三者相互联系,在政府与公众的互动当中不断变化。     

我国地方政府公共财政支出结构偏向分析——基于晋升锦标赛的理论视角

晋升锦标赛制度激发了地方政府官员发展经济的积极性。然而,晋升锦标赛的激励导向与公共财政的合理支出结构之间有内在矛盾。由于与官员晋升指标的弱相关性,基本公共服务财政支出长期低于社会需求水平,降低了社会福利。因此,必须通过一些措施、机制等,降低晋升锦标赛的强激励,促进公共财政支出结构的优化。     

A stochastic model of the processes in PCR based amplification of STR DNA in forensic applications

In forensic DNA profiling use is made of the well-known technique of PCR. When the amount of DNA is high, generally unambiguous profiles can be obtained, but for low copy number DNA stochastic effects can play a major role. In order to shed light on these stochastic effects, we present a simple model for the amplification process. According to the model, three possible things can happen to an individual single DNA strand in each complete cycle: successful amplification, no amplification, or amplification with the introduction of stutter. The model is developed in mathematical terms using a recursive approach: given the numbers of chains at a given cycle, the numbers in the next can be described using a multinomial probability distribution. A full set of recursive relations is derived for the expectations and (co)variances of the number of amplicon chains with no, 1 or 2 stutters. The exact mathematical solutions of this set are given, revealing the development of the expectations and (co)variances as function of the cycle number. The equations reveal that the expected number of amplicon chains without stutter grows exponentially with the cycle number, but for the chains with stutter the relation is more complex. The relative standard deviation on the numbers of chains (coefficient of variation) is inversely proportional to the square root of the expected number of DNA strands entering the amplification. As such, for high copy number DNA the stochastic effects can be ignored, but they play an important role at low concentrations. For the allelic peak, the coefficient of variation rapidly stabilizes after a few cycles, but for the chains with stutter the decrease is more slowly. Further, the ratio of the expected intensity of the stutter peak over that of the allelic peak increases linearly with the number of cycles. Stochastic models, like the one developed in the current paper, can be important in further developing interpretation rules in a Bayesian context.