公务员精神培育的伦理路径：角色把握、职责担当、合作定位

公务员精神具有明显的时代性,在建设和谐社会的今天,公务员精神作为公务员的价值信念,指引、评价和规范公务员的行为,体现着公共行政的精神和行政文化的价值观。通过角色期待、角色领悟和角色实践,公务员可以准确把握其角色的特殊性内涵,理解公共管理的多元性、政治性以及公共性这些特质。社会角色赋予了角色承担者特殊的社会关系,这种社会关系往往通过职责体现,包括责任和义务,担当职责是角色的必然要求。公务员要出色地完成其职责,合作是最好的选择甚至可以说是唯一的选择。沿着角色把握、职责担当、合作定位这一伦理路径,公务员精神的公共性、正义性、廉洁性才能得以实现。     

A Longitudinal Study of Modifying Influences in the Relationship Between Domestic Violence and Child Maltreatment

The increased risk of child maltreatment in the presence of domestic violence is well documented, but much remains unknown about factors that modify this relationship. This study investigates the roles of risk and protective factors in the relationship between domestic violence and being reported to the Department of Social Services for child maltreatment. Consistent with the literature, we find a significant overlap between domestic violence and maltreatment. Young maternal age, low education, low income, and lack of involvement in a religious community add to the risk for maltreatment associated with domestic violence. Separation between the maternal caregiver and her partner significantly reduces the risk for maltreatment when domestic violence is reported. A significant reduction in the risk for maltreatment is also found with higher levels of support from the maternal caregiver reported by the child in the context of domestic violence.     

政治内容的生成过程

政治内容的确立并不在于它的自我宣称,而是取决于由发出、运作以及反馈等因素和环节构成的生成过程。这个问题对于政治学研究和政治运作都具有重要的现实意义。一方面,政治内容的生成同时也是一种功能实施的过程,预先设计的政治需要通过相应功能的运作和反馈才能获得、并体现出真实的或具体的内容含义;另一方面,功能实施需要相应的载体形式,不同载体承担着不同的职能或功能,并由相应的功能关系维系着政治的一般或常态运作机制。在政治内容生成的过程中,各种转换的主要根据都在于相应的实效反馈,也就是发出预设与运作效果的相互作用;然而从普遍性来讲,各种实效反馈对于政治内容生成的作用根据或运作机制,都在于专门政治与一般政治的转化。     

论传统中国的“性情司法”及其实际效应

从文本形式看,传统中国法律的篇章结构、条文体系具有超强的稳定性,有的可以因袭数千年,但法律文本规制与司法实践效应之间存在极大反差,文本的预期价值往往难以实现。其中一个重要原因就是司法主体的性情取向对司法实际效应的影响明显。通过类型化分析,传统中国以皇帝及官员为主的司法主体的性情取向可以归纳为:躬亲狱讼型、宽大仁恕型、秉公行法型、才情饱满型、揆情酌理型、残忍冷酷型、慵懒昏朽型等几大类,它们直接影响到司法的公正性、效率性及社会性效应。研究传统中国法律的价值与功能,既要注意法律文本,更要注意其运作状况及实际效应,考察和分析司法主体的性情司法及其实际效应,不失为一个独特视角。     

当前地方政府奢侈浪费现象及其治理

艰苦奋斗的延安精神是我们党的传家宝,永远都不能丢弃。但是,当前我国一些地方政府领导干部的艰苦奋斗、勤俭建国意识淡薄,成本观念缺乏,导致许多如水电能源浪费、三公消费浪费、错误决策浪费、庆典祭祀浪费及会议评比浪费等浪费现象的发生。究其原因在于观念错位和规范缺失。因此,弘扬艰苦奋斗精神,树立现代行政观念;加快法制建设步伐,完善监督制约机制;健全并完善财政预算体制、绩效考核制度和行政问责制度;强力推进政务公开等,应成为遏制地方政府奢侈浪费现象的必然选择。     

全球化、身份政治与法律

美国弗吉尼亚理工大学校园枪击案引发了身份对当代人和当代社会深刻影响实施的思考。身份的连带责任效应表明,拥有某种身份的人所实施的违反道德或法律的行为必然会连累到其他拥有相同身份的人。身份的搭便车效应表明,拥有某种身份的人所做出的高尚或伟大的行为可能会惠及到其他拥有相同身份的人。身份的刻板印象效应表明,社会上形成的对某一身份的刻板印象会影响拥有该身份的个人的命运和社会地位。法律上的很多制度,包括连带责任制度、结社自由制度、反歧视制度等,与身份的这些效应和影响之间存在着密切的关系。     

NEIGHBORHOOD STRUCTURE AND RACE‐SPECIFIC RATES OF INTIMATE ASSAULT*

Addressing the methodological shortcomings of extant research on the racial invariance thesis, race‐specific rates of intimate assault are examined across census tracts in Hamilton County, Ohio. We extend Miles‐Doan's (1998) approach to examining neighborhood structural effects on intimate assault rates in order to test the racial invariance thesis. Findings reveal comparable effects of neighborhood disadvantage and population age structure on assault rates for African‐American males and white males, yet a stronger effect of “disinvestment” (in marriage and in neighborhoods) on rates for African‐Americans. These results conflict with previous city‐level analyses demonstrating stronger structural effects on other violent crime rates for whites.     

CRIMINOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE: PERIOD AND COHORT EFFECTS IN SCHOLARSHIP

Period and cohort effects are explored in regard to criminological knowledge. Hypotheses are inspired by biographies and by research in the sociology of knowledge, based on Karl Mannheim's essay on generations, Maurice Halbwachs' partly conflicting arguments about the presentist orientation of collective memory and newer ideas about the institutional context of knowledge production. The data set results from content analysis of 1, 390 articles in leading American sociology, criminology, and law and society journals from 1951 to 1993, supplemented by information on the authors' "academic age." Results show that cohort membership has some effect and periods have considerable impact on topic, type of theory examined and data used by criminologists. These effects are interpreted against the background of post-World War II history: dominant ideological currents of different eras, historic events, changing academic institutions, and the ebb and flow of influential schools. Multivariate analyses indicate that period effects are largely but not fully explained by shifts in research funding and by the emergence of specialized fields with their own institutions.     

The Legal Protection for China's Flexible Workers during the Covid-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a chain of socioeconomic effects worldwide. China’s social and economic operations and labor market have also been suffered because of this global crisis. During hard times, flexible employment becomes an important means for stabilizing employment. However, the pandemic also exposed the problems ensuing from insufficient legal protection for flexible workers. First, there are some gaps and defects in the labor and social security laws in terms of their scope and applicability to flexible workers. Second, there were limitations in the support and protection policies for flexible workers at the early stages of the pandemic. Although the government implemented measures soon after the outbreak of COVID-19, their role is still constrained by the legal lacunae in protecting flexible workers. As flexible employment will continue to play a significant role in China’s labor market, the State Council issued a far-reaching official document in July 28, 2020 to support it. This document indicates the directions for providing better legal protection for flexible workers, which contains expanding the legal scope and enriching the legal protection. Based on the realities and latest policies, the legal protection for flexible workers should be systemically improved in the future.