浅析国家豁免的几个问题

国家豁免泛指一国的行为和财产不受另一国的立法、司法和行政等方面的管辖。国家豁免是一项国际法原则,主权平等理论是其主要法律依据。国家豁免的主体包括国家及其政府机关、联邦国家的组成单位、国家政治区分单位、国家机构或部门和其他实体、国家代表。关于国家豁免范围,许多国家先后抛弃了绝对豁免的主张,转向限制国家豁免的立场。     

Networks of organised black market labour in the building trade

The building industry is a sector characterised by a large number of opportunities to commit economic crime. In Sweden, the level of tax avoidance in the building trade is estimated to be substantial, and the use of black market labour extensive. This article focuses on the organised use of black market labour in the building industry, which may be described as a form of both economic and organised crime. To date only a very small number of criminological studies have examined the use of black market labour in this sector of the economy. The article focuses on two of the central roles found in the context of organised, black market labour: the “fixer” and the “criminal entrepreneur”. The fixer is an individual with expertise in the methods of economic crime. The criminal entrepreneur acts first and foremost as a link between a client and the manpower required by this client. In this paper, fixers and criminal entrepreneurs are studied on the basis of data from the Swedish Register of Suspected Offenders. The analysis shows that the networks of fixers and criminal entrepreneurs overlap one another to some extent. There are nonetheless a number of differences between the two groups and also between their respective networks. The networks of the fixers are larger than those of the criminal entrepreneurs, and the individuals that comprise the fixers’ networks are suspected in connection with much larger numbers of offences. The fixers more often commit offences together with others and also have larger numbers of suspected co-offenders than the criminal entrepreneurs. On the other hand, the criminal entrepreneurs are suspected of having maintained their ties to suspected co-offenders for longer periods of time than the fixers. The fixers appear to specialise in fraud and forgery offences, whereas motoring offences, smuggling and drug offences are more common among the criminal entrepreneurs. The networks are highly male-dominated and on balance they are comprised of much older individuals than those of traditional offenders. Many of the fixers and criminal entrepreneurs are suspected of committing offences with the same co-offender for a long period of time. Further out in the networks, co-offenders are replaced more often. Tax offences are very common in both types of network, both in those parts of the network that are close to the fixers and criminal entrepreneurs, and also in more distant parts of the networks. In the more distant parts of the networks, there is also an increase in the proportion of offences that individual network members are suspected of committing. Judging from the material examined in the current study, violent offences do not appear to be very common among either fixers or criminal entrepreneurs. The networks examined are largely comprised of individuals suspected of economic offences. These individuals are linked together with one another by means of direct and indirect contacts that produce semi-legal networks of individuals with knowledge of organised black market labour.

新公共服务理论与服务型政府建设

随着学者对新公共服务理论的深入研究和改革开放的持续发展,无论是政府与社会、与百姓,还是政府与市场的关系都发生了深刻变化。为了适应这种变化,各级政府以建设服务型政府为目标,不断加快政府职能的转变。党的十七大报告从战略高度明确提出要加快行政管理体制改革,努力建设服务型政府。然而,在各地的服务型政府建设过程中,还存在很多问题。因此,要以科学发展观为理念,完善公民政治参与途径,并促进社会组织的发展。     

试论我国犯罪构成理论中的四大瓶颈问题

尽管与大陆法系的犯罪构成理论具有同源性,但由于不同的发展历程,我国的犯罪构成理论未能吸收近现代刑法学发展进程中的许多重要成果,因此其在犯罪主体、犯罪客体、不法理论与责任理论这几个方面始终存在着一些制约自身发展和改革的瓶颈问题。从刑法学的角度出发,遵循犯罪构成理论发展的规律,正视和解决这四大问题,才是发展和改革我国犯罪构成理论的正确思路。     

论我国商事登记法律制度的完善——以诚实信用原则为视角

商事登记的作用在于通过昭示商事主体的营业信息以保障商事主体合法营利。从商事登记的起源和发展看,商事登记制度与诚实信用原则是一脉相承的。我国商事登记立法中尚存在诸多亟待完善之处,在商事登记立法中引入诚信原则有其必要性和重要性。     

著作权保护期限标准的审视与重构

著作权的两类权利主体(自然人和非自然人)获得保护的正当性理由不同,相应的保护期限也应根据不同的标准确立。回顾著作权法的发展历史,二者没有被清晰区分。以自然人作者保护为前提发展而来的"照顾理论"是大部分国家现行时间标准的正当性理由。信息社会著作权法的保护范围和制度设计都有了深刻变革,要实现公平正义目标,著作财产权的保护期限应当重构:一方面,非自然人权利主体作品不应也不宜直接适用原有根据自然人作者设计的保护期限,而应根据"激励理论"参考专利法确定固定保护期;另一方面,应当审视"照顾理论"在现有背景下的合理性,对自然人作品建议采用原则上以作者生命为限结合最低保护期限的标准。现有保护期限都应缩短,在受国际条约所限该目标短期难以达成的现状下,可以调整著作权保护宽度,采用相对宽松的合理使用制度。     

Beyond the “Narrow Data Base”: Another Convenience Sample for Experimental Research

The experimental approach has begun to permeate political science research, increasingly so in the last decade. Laboratory researchers face at least two challenges: determining who to study and how to lure them into the lab. Most experimental studies rely on student samples, yet skeptics often dismiss student samples for lack of external validity. In this article, we propose another convenience sample for laboratory research: campus staff. We report on a randomized experiment to investigate the characteristics of samples drawn from a general local population and from campus staff. We report that campus staff evidence significantly higher response rates, and we find few discernible differences between the two samples. We also investigate the second challenge facing researchers: how to lure subjects into the lab. We use evidence from three focus groups to identify ways of luring this alternative convenience sample into the lab. We analyze the impact of self-interest, social-utility, and neutral appeals on encouraging study participation, and we find that campus staff respond better to a no-nonsense approach compared to a hard-sell that promises potential policy benefits to the community or, and especially, to the self. We conclude that researchers should craft appeals with caution as they capitalize on this heretofore largely untapped reservoir for experimental research: campus employees.

感觉与认知:经济发展水平与公共服务满意度的悖论逻辑

地区公共服务满意度,作为衡量公民公共服务获得感的有效载体,与当地经济发展紧密联系,但学界对两者之间的关系还存在分歧。通过解构公共服务满意度的特征,可以从时间、空间两个层面的视角来解释地方经济发展状况对公共服务满意度的影响。实证分析结果表明,在推进基本公共服务均等化的背景下,经济发展的差异会影响公民主体认知模式和社会资本的形成进而影响公共服务满意度。     

新形势下国有企业基层党建工作探究

随着国有企业改革的深化和发展,基层党建工作面临着新问题、新挑战,必须不断认识和把握新时期党建工作的科学规律,创新党建工作理念、机制和方法,努力把党的政治优势转化成企业的发展优势,坚持"融入中心、进入管理、推动发展、促进和谐",夯实堡垒先锋作用,才能为企业的持续稳定发展提供坚强的组织保证。     

略谈派出所的刑事照相技术手段建设

刑事照相是公安机关办理刑事案件过程中不可缺少的常用技术手段,派出所要独立承担一些刑事案件的查破任务,应该搞好这一技术手段的建设。但从凉山州的调查来看,派出所在这方面还很落后,影响了办案质量。建议加强派出所刑事照相人才的培养和设备建设,建立健全有关激励机制,尽快强化派出所刑事照相技术手段的建设。