“I couldn't find it your honour,it mustn't be there!” – Tool errors,tool limitations and user error in digital forensics

The field of digital forensics maintains significant reliance on the software it uses to acquire and investigate forms of digital evidence. Without these tools, analysis of digital devices would often not be possible. Despite such levels of reliance, techniques for validating digital forensic software are sparse and research is limited in both volume and depth. As practitioners pursue the goal of producing robust evidence, they face the onerous task of both ensuring the accuracy of their tools and, their effective use. Whilst tool errors provide one issue, establishing a tool's limitations also provides an investigatory challenge leading the potential for practitioner user-error and ultimately a grey area of accountability. This article debates the problems surrounding digital forensic tool usage, evidential reliability and validation.     

WTO与中国对外开放

新的历史时期中国面临新一轮的对外开放,加入WTO虽然会对中国的一些行业带来冲击,但最为关键的是,WTO的基本规则与我国对外开放的目标根本一致,中国加入WTO,将使对外开放的进程不可逆转。通过学习和运用统一的国际市场经济规则,制定新的对外开放战略,中国的对外开放将得到进一步的推动。     

中成药治疗儿童注意缺陷多动障碍疗效和安全性的系统评价

目的 系统评价中成药治疗儿童注意缺陷多动障碍的疗效和安全性。方法 检索中国知网、万方数据库、维普网、中国生物医学文献服务系统、PubMed、Cochrane Library、PsycINFO、Embase中所有关于中成药治疗儿童注意缺陷多动障碍的随机对照试验。根据预先设定的标准由两名研究者独立筛选,使用Review Manager 5.3软件进行纳入研究的偏倚风险评估和Meta分析。结果 最终23项研究共2 314个对象被纳入数据分析,未发现中成药与安慰剂比较的研究。中成药组与哌甲酯组的总有效率比较,差异无统计学意义（RR=1.06,95% CI为0.99～1.13,P=0.08）,但中成药组的不良反应总发生率低于哌甲酯组,差异有统计学意义（RR=0.14,95% CI为0.08～0.24,P<0.000 01）。中成药联合哌甲酯组总有效率高于哌甲酯组,差异有统计学意义（RR=1.17,95% CI为1.07～1.29,P=0.000 5）;两组不良反应总发生率的差异无统计学意义（RR=0.53,95% CI为0.24～1.17,P=0.11）。结论 中成药治疗儿童注意缺陷多动障碍疗效良好且不良反应少,但仍需要设计更合理的高质量随机对照研究,尤其是与安慰剂对照的研究来证实。     

The value of the hospital autopsy. A study of causes and modes of death estimated before and after autopsy

Among 312 consecutive deaths in a Danish Central Hospital autopsy was performed in the pathology department on 266 cases, i.e. 85%. Retrospectively, the underlying causes of death were estimated from the clinical information alone by an experienced clinician and subsequently compared with the autopsy report. The definite cause of death was determined jointly by the clinician and the pathologist. The clinician's diagnosis was thereby confirmed as incorrect in 18% of the cases if small differences in site and type of malignant tumours were not considered. This is less than in many other investigations, but it is stressed that this could partly be because formal errors in completing the death certificate were avoided. The main causes of death were ischaemic heart disease and neoplasia. Clinical diagnosis of malignant diseases was never found to be erroneous. There was a slight tendency to clinically overestimate ischaemic heart disease, but in general the different errors outweighed each other, so that the total number of different causes of death before and after autopsy was nearly the same. The original death certificate was investigated in 12 accidental cases. Hereby it was found that the mode of death was originally stated erroneously as natural in 7 cases, i.e. 4.5%. It is concluded that hospital autopsy is still needed for the control and correction of causes of death, and it is stressed that clinicians as well as pathologists should be more aware of cases with a trauma in the history to avoid errors in the mode of death. Such errors can imply legal as well as insurance problems.     

消除体制性梗阻加大新农村建设财政资金投入力度

近年来我国财政支农投入不断下降,对“三农”方面的资金投入严重不足,难以顺利推进新农村建设。其主要原因是现行财税体制仍然没有理顺,财政资金投入新农村建设的渠道存在体制性梗阻。解决问题的根本出路在于加快财税体制改革,合理划分各级政府的事权和财权,实行等级分税制;规范转移支付制度;树立公共财政理念,加大财政支农资金投入。但这是一个长期的渐进过程,近期可选择的政策是逐步降低涉农项目配套资金比例;改善财政涉农资金管理体制,整合分散资金,提高资金使用效率。     

公共事物的治理之道

2009年10月埃莉诺.奥斯特罗姆获得了诺贝尔经济学奖,其原因是对公共事物的治理之道做出了杰出的学术贡献。她用制度分析的研究方法,对三类案例进行了分析,在此基础上总结出治理之道。她的理论结论是,集体行动的逻辑是正确的,但在很多情况下,尤其是对小规模的公池资源管理来说,有很多自主治理成功的实践经验,也有失败的教训。她总结了成功的八条经验,分析了失败的制度原因,在此基础上总结出了公共事物的自主治理之道。     

论中国式量刑模式之构建——以规范化量刑为视角

在司法审判活动中,如何设计与构建科学、合理的量刑制度、制定规范的量刑标准、减少量刑偏差和量刑失衡,不仅直接关乎到实体正义的实现与否,是保证法的衡平与权威的根本,更是世界各国刑事法学研究与刑事司法实践亟待解决的重大课题.通过考察、借鉴域外法律的相关量刑模式,我国未来的量刑程序模式应当是层次式和分解式相结合的一个整体,即以...     

制度分析视角下的乡镇政府公共产品供给职能的重塑——以苏北A镇为例

乡镇政府公共产品供给是一个重大的理论与实践课题。近几年来,不少学者对乡镇政府公共产品供给制度进行了许多有益的探索,但从乡镇职能角度出发立论者较少,这在一定程度上影响了对实践的指导意义。从A镇公共产品供给现状出发,指出目前乡镇政府职能的制度性缺陷,进而为乡镇政府公共产品供给职能的重塑提出体制和政策性等方面的建议。     

跨文化交际能力与大学外语教学

目前我国大学外语教学中普遍存在着过度注重语言技能而忽视语言文化属性的现象,结果导致语言习得效率低下,学生跨文化交际能力弱化。应从师资培养、教学内容、课堂设计、学习方法、资源利用等方面入手,切实提高外语教学质量。     

论我国产品召回制度的完善

欧、美等发达国家早在上个世纪六十年代就已经建立产品召回制度。不论是强制召回,还是自主召回,政府主管部门都发挥重要作用,因此产品召回制度是一种具有公法性质的行政管理制度。产品召回制度需要有相关的配套法律制度加以配合,才能充分发挥作用,如惩罚性制度、产品质量认证制度、产品信息体系、产品召回责任保险等。