商品质量纠纷中消费者与厂商举证成本对比

证明产品是否合格,是解决产品质量纠纷的关键。但要证明产品质量不合格,消费者必须将产品送法定检验机构检验并要得到证据;举证成本很高。厂商只需要最简单的自我声明(如口头证明)即可,举证成本很低甚至零成本。很不公平。我们应该寻找更公平合理的举证途径。     

Measuring Progress: Community Indicators and the Quality of Life

Abstract

As communities and local governments increasingly have become concerned about quality‐of‐life issues, community indicators have become a widely used tool to measure the status of the quality of life and progress being made toward improving it. Indicators provide a vehicle for understanding and addressing community issues from a holistic and outcomes‐oriented perspective. They are useful, within the context of an overall community‐improvement process, both as a planning tool, based on a community's vision, and as an evaluation tool to measure progress on steps taken toward improvement. Their usefulness is maximized when they are both directly tied to public‐policy and budget decision making and when the community feels a sense of ownership of the indicators through direct citizen involvement with them. This article briefly describes four major approaches to community‐indicators work, and then in more detail, illustrates one of the approaches called “quality of life.” This approach is illustrated with experiences of the Jacksonville (Florida) Community Council Inc. (JCCI), a pioneer and leader in the community‐indicators movement.     

An Assessment of a Drastically Changed Federal Workplace in the United States

Abstract

Written by four experienced government employees, this article discusses many alarming changes that have been forced on the Federal government workplace over the past 20 years. The article identifies actions by elected and appointed officials that have greatly changed and weakened a workplace that was a model for America. Several attributes of the Federal workplace of the past and of the present are compared and contrasted.     

Measuring Quality of Life in Spanish Municipalities

Abstract

Measuring quality of life in municipalities entails two empirical challenges. First, collecting a set of relevant indicators that can be compared across the municipalities in the sample. Secondly, using an appropriate aggregating tool in order to construct a synthetic index. This paper measures quality of life for the largest 237 Spanish municipalities using Value Efficiency Analysis (VEA) to derive comparative scores by combining the information contained in 19 partial indicators. VEA is a refinement of DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) that imposes some consistency in the weights of the indicators used to construct the aggregate index. The indicators cover aspects related to consumption, social services, housing, transport, environment, labour market, health, culture and leisure, education and security. The results show that the Northern and Central regions in Spain attain the highest levels of quality of life, while the Southern regions report low living conditions. Education is the variable that requires the largest improvement in low performing municipalities, followed by health and culture facilities, pollution and crime. Population density, growth and ageing seem to relate positively to quality of life.     

Development of biological standards for the quality assurance of presumptive testing reagents

Forensic scientists periodically check working test reagents with knowns or standards to verify that the presumptive testing reagents are working properly. Oftentimes, this is done with a neat body fluid such as blood or saliva that is dried onto a swab and kept in a freezer. The problem with this practice is that a degrading test reagent, for example acid phosphatase testing reagent, may test positive on a neat standard but miss a weak semen stain from a case.To ensure that presumptive testing reagents are working properly, a series of “weak” standards have been developed for the testing of acid phosphatase, amylase, creatinine and hemoglobin. The preparation and use of these biological standards will be discussed.     

新风胶囊对强直性脊柱炎的疗效及生活质量的影响

目的 观察新风胶囊(Xinfeng Capsules, XFC)治疗强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis, AS)的临床疗效及其对生活质量的影响,探讨其作用机制. 方法 将60例AS患者按随机数字表分成2组,治疗组(40例)和对照组(20例)分别采用XFC、柳氮磺胺吡啶治疗.治疗前后分别观察两组的主要症状体征积分和生活质量评分的变化,及血浆急性时相反应物血沉(erythrosedimentation, ESR)和C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)水平的变化,并对Bath强直性脊柱炎计量学指数(Bath ankylosing spondylitis metrological index,BASMI)、Bath强直性脊柱炎功能指数(Bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index,BASFI)、Bath强直性脊柱炎疾病活动指数(Bath ankylosing spondylitis activity index, BASDAI)、Bath强直性脊柱炎整体指数(Bath ankylosing spondylitis global index, BAS-G)进行评定,生活质量测评采用WHO生活质量简表(brief version of WHO quality of life, WHOQOL-BRIEF),疼痛程度测评采用视觉模拟评分法(visual analog scoring, VAS),焦虑和抑郁状态测评采用焦虑自评量表(self-rating anxiety scores, SAS)和抑郁自评量表(self-rating depression scores, SDS),临床疗效评价采用国际AS评估(assessment in ankylosing spondylitis, ASAS)20和BASDAI50反应率. 结果 对照组、治疗组ASAS20反应率分别为25%、75%,BASDAI50反应率分别为10%、70%,两组ASAS20和BASDAI50反应率比较,差异存在显著性(P＜0.05,或P＜0.01).治疗后,治疗组患者的生活质量、VAS评分、症状体征评分、BASDAI、BASFI、BAS-G、BASMI及血浆急性时相反应物水平显著改善,且显著优于对照组(P＜0.05,或P＜0.01). 结论 XFC临床疗效优于柳氮磺胺吡啶,XFC可改善临床症状及相关指标,提高AS患者生活质量.     

中药治疗晚期肝癌的疗效评价

目的试用临床受益评价中药治疗晚期肝癌的疗效。方法对1999年1月至2003年12月间连续收住的133例Ⅳ期肝癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。临床受益定义为:①Child-Pugh分期和(或)卡氏评分(Karnofsky s performance scoring,KPS)改善(≥20);②上两项稳定并肿瘤大小或甲胎蛋白(alpha fe-toprotein,AFP)减少25%以上。用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,用log rank法检验。结果1个周期治疗后患者整体临床受益率为20.3%。中药治疗、中药联合肝动脉化疗栓塞和其他治疗的临床受益率分别为22.7%、30.7%和11.9%。患者中位生存率为3.1个月(95%可信区间为1.97~4.23),1年生存率为19.3%。结论中药治疗有效提高了Ⅳ期肝癌患者的临床受益。     

氯地滴耳液的配制及主药的含量测定

目的:制备氯地滴耳液并建立其质量控制方法。方法:以氯霉素、地塞米松磷酸钠为主药制成滴耳液,采用高效液相色谱法测定这两组分含量。结果:氯霉素和地塞米松磷酸钠的线性范围分别为125~1 250μg/m l(r=0.999 7)、2.5~25.0μg/m l(r=0.999 1),平均加样回收率分别为99.77%(RSD=0.38%)、98.06%(RSD=0.42%)。结论:该制剂配制简单,成本低,质量可控。