国家安全学基础理论框架构建研究

国家安全学基础理论的构建是国家安全学学科建设的重要组成部分,缺乏国家安全学基础理论的支撑,国家安全学学科就犹如沙滩上的知识大厦,毫无根基可言。深刻理解国家安全问题的内涵,以国家安全问题为导向,遵循“问题→过程→结果”框架构建国家安全学基础理论,可使国家安全问题、国家安全认知、国家安全体系、国家安全能力、国家安全行为、国家安全极限等内容形成严密的逻辑整体。国家安全学基础理论以国家安全问题为逻辑起点和主线,国家安全问题构成预防和化解国家安全问题的“过程”和实现国家安全的“结果”的前提和保障。在“过程”中,国家安全问题通过国家安全认知、国家安全体系、国家安全能力、国家安全行为等要素的组合及其应用,得到预防和化解。国家安全极限作为国家安全目标实现的“结果”,意味着国家安全是一种相对安全而不是绝对安全,追求绝对安全必然导致安全困境,最终无法实现国家安全的目标。追求共同安全是国家安全极限应有之义。国家安全学基础理论遵循“问题→过程→结果”框架来构建其理论范式不能一蹴而就,需要共同努力,不断深化国家安全学基础理论研究。     

Why and how does the regulation of emerging technologies occur? Explaining the adoption of the EU General Data Protection Regulation using the multiple streams framework

Why and how the regulation of emerging technologies occurs is not clear in the literature. In this study, we adapt the multiple streams framework – often used for explaining agenda-setting and policy adoption – to examine the phenomenon. We hypothesize how technological change affects policy-making and identify conditions under which the streams can be (de-)coupled. We trace the formulation of the General Data Protection Regulation to show that the regulation occupied the legislative agenda when a policy window was exploited through policy entrepreneurship to frame technological change as a problem for data privacy and legislative harmonization within the European Union. Although constituencies interested in promoting internet technologies made every effort to stall the regulation, various actors, activities, and events helped the streams remain coupled, eventually leading to its adoption. We conclude that the alignment of problem, policy, politics, and technology – through policy entrepreneurship – influences the timing and design of technology regulation.     

和谐社会视阈下人力资源开发利用体系框架的构建

随着知识经济的发展与和谐社会构建的深入推进,人力资源开发利用体系的构建也置于和谐社会理念的框架之下。人力资源开发与利用的主体内容与和谐社会理念的核心思想具有高度的一致性,现有的人力资源开发利用体系中的一些不和谐的因素,在一定程度上制约着和谐社会构建的进程。建立以普及完善教育制度、实施科学就业战略为主要内容的宏观人力资源开发利用体系尤为重要。     

我国行业协会发展的法律保障与规制——以和谐社会中的“政会分开”为视角

行业协会可以在推动科学发展、促进社会和谐、全面建设小康社会的进程中发挥重要的调谐功能,从而实现政府、市场、社会间的良性互动,但这需要行业协会民间化、规范化本位回归的实现。应以"政会分开"为视角,考察我国行业协会由"初现→消匿→滞存→新生"的历史发展轨迹,以及由"政府全能"到"政府依附"到"政会分开"的发展模式演进,并应以行业协会的主体地位、组织构成、自治权能、社会责任作为主要视点,对我国行业协会发展之法律保障和规制中的争点问题进行必要的研究及阐释。     

Programmatic action in Chinese health policy—The making and design of “Healthy China 2030”

The Programmatic Action Framework (PAF) is a powerful analytical perspective to advance our understanding of policy change by stressing the role of programmatic groups and how they promote their preferred policy programs. While the PAF has been applied successfully to European countries and the US, a considerable research gap remains regarding its explanatory power in other regions and political settings. To step into this research gap, we apply the PAF to authoritarian China through a qualitative case study of the making of “Healthy China 2030”, a national health policy program. We explore two research questions: firstly, to what extent can the PAF be operationalized in a nondemocracy to identify programmatic groups and evaluate policy design, and second, what are the limitations and challenges facing the application of the PAF to nondemocracies? Our empirical analysis shows that the design of this policy program involves actors from different policy areas, despite the top-down political structure. With regards to the transfer of PAF hypotheses, we show that the framework is a helpful lens to identify programmatic groups and to evaluate policy programs' potential for success based on coherence, responsiveness, and program fit. Meanwhile, the research process of our study revealed the challenges of applying policy process theories to China, including hard-to-reach political actors for data collection, lack of transparency regarding collaboration processes between actors, and a lack of publicly available program-related information.     

Policy beliefs,policy learning,and risk perception: Exploring the formation of local creative Placemaking-catalyzed policy network

This article studies the formation of a local Creative Placemaking (CPM) policy network based on the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) and social capital perspective of policy networks. This article hypothesizes that policy beliefs, policy learning, social capital, and the perceived risks induced by defections, as well as macro-level changes in the broader political and socio-economic system, influence partner selection in the local CPM policy networks. The study collected survey data from policy actors participating in the Franklinton CPM-catalyzed revitalization project in Columbus, Ohio. An exponential random graph model (ERGM) was applied to test the hypotheses. The findings partially support the hypotheses: policy learning, certain secondary policy beliefs, and risk perceptions of changes in economic and political factors are correlated with tie formation. The reciprocity-driven bonding structure underlies the Franklinton CPM policy network, suggesting that policy actors perceive the Franklinton CPM policy network as a high-defection-risk network. This study has implications for policy makers in designing engagement strategies to better involve stakeholders holding different beliefs and occupying different network positions.     

Who coupled which stream(s)? Policy entrepreneurship and innovation in the energy–water nexus in Gujarat,India

Although policy entrepreneurship is essential for fostering policy innovations to achieve sustainable development, the literature has conflated different types of entrepreneurship and disaggregated it using inconsistent terminology. We conceptualize entrepreneurship using a six-stream variant of the multiple streams framework (MSF)—which addresses key limitations of the original MSF—to examine entrepreneurial activities in the case of the Jyotigram Yojana, a widely recognized policy innovation for managing the energy–water nexus in Gujarat, India. We find that whereas policy and political entrepreneurship no doubt played a significant role in coupling the streams and fostering this policy innovation, the process broker, program champion, and technology innovator were also important in policy formulation, implementation, and “success.” We conclude that the six-stream variant of MSF is useful for identifying and distinguishing various types of entrepreneurship involved in policy innovation for sustainability.     

Shaping the Scope of Conflict in Scotland’s Fracking Debate: Conflict Management and the Narrative Policy Framework

This study applies a narrative lens to policy actors’ discursive strategies in the Scottish debate over fracking. Based on a sample of 226 newspaper articles (2011–2017) and drawing on key elements of the narrative policy framework (NPF), the research examines how policy coalitions have characterized their supporters, their opponents, and the main regulator (Scottish government). It also explores how actors have sought to expand or contain the scope of conflict to favor their policy objectives. Empirically, only the government strives for conflict containment, whereas both pro‐ and anti‐fracking groups prioritize conflict expansion through characterization contests and the diffusion and concentration of the costs/risks and benefits of fracking. In theoretical terms, the study proposes that Sarah Pralle’s conflict management model, which emphasizes symmetrical strategies of conflict expansion by both coalitions, is a potential tool to revise extant NPF expectations about the different narrative strategies of winning and losing coalitions. Moreover, the fact that policy actors mostly employ negatively rather than positively framed characters in their narratives may be a valid expectation for similar policy conflicts, particularly under conditions of regulatory uncertainty.     

中国国家安全法治研究四十年: 回眸与展望

中国国家安全法治研究整体上历经起步探索(1978～1993)、逐步发展(1994～20102009)、全面发展(2010～2014)以及总体国家安全观指引(2014年至今)四个阶段。每一阶段的国家安全法治研究都脱离不开其时代背景。贯穿四十年的国家安全法治研究的主题是,围绕“国家安全”法律内涵即国家安全法治研究本体论展开多维度思考与探索。其研究重点涵盖国家安全法律体系研究、国家安全法与部门法的关系、国家安全法学科独立性及其发展等方面。法律意义上“国家安全”的内涵也经历了从“传统(政治)安全”到“总体国家安全观”的转变过程。针对实践需要,国家安全法治研究日益深化和繁荣。在总体国家安全观指引下,新时代国家安全法治研究面临的时代命题包括相关法律体系的建构和阐释,深化国家安全法与相关法律的有机衔接研究,研究方法创新与满足各领域国家安全保障的现实需要,等等。未来仍要坚持聚焦国家安全法治基本问题的研究。     

Towards a framework for measuring local government return on investment in arts and cultural development

Local governments make a significant annual investment in arts and cultural development programmes. However, the practicalities of measuring the return on this investment have been largely overlooked by researchers, and investigations into return on investment have frequently focused on the economic return. Here, it is argued that intrinsic social and cultural returns on investment are equally important. A further issue is that measurement frameworks have often taken an outputs-based approach, seeking to evaluate the performance of one-off events rather than measuring the outcomes or impact of the total investment in arts and cultural development over the life of a policy or strategy. This paper therefore takes a broader, outcomes-based approach and offers a practical evaluation framework. An implementation-ready method is presented which will allow local government policy-makers to provide evidence of medium- and long-term outcomes and impacts of their arts and cultural development programmes and weigh this against their investment.