我国人工智能伦理框架建构 ——以比较法为路径

人工智能的发展在带来社会福祉的同时也面临着伦理框架建设问题。广义上的人工智能伦理框架建构可以包括狭义上的伦理框架研究以及伦理决策方法。目前国内对伦理框架研究讨论较多,对具体的伦理决策的研究几乎为零,尚未形成人工智能伦理框架建构。由此可通过比较法的路径,从人工智能伦理控制权的适用原则,公平性的应用原则以及注重社会福祉的应用总目标来构建我国的人工智能伦理框架。此外,通过对“自上而下”以及“自下而上”两种伦理决策方式的利弊分析,提出“人工智能程序”模式的第三条道路。     

雇主责任理论基础之再思考

近现代民法以个人“自负其责”为理念,但雇主要对其雇员的侵权行为承担替代责任。对此,学者提出了各种不同的理论来加以论证,然而这些理论都因其自身固有的缺陷而不能提供令人信服的解释。民事责任的财产性、雇主对雇员的监督和控制、权利和义务相一致原则、保护受害人利益的价值取向等因素应是雇主责任的理论基础。     

21世纪东北亚区域合作的展望

冷战结束后,东北亚地区国际合作不断发展,进入了新的历史时期。虽然还受到地缘政治、机制不健全及经济发展水平的制约,但朝鲜半岛局势的缓和、日俄关系的改善、中国政府的加大投入,将为东北亚地区在21世纪开展更广泛的合作提供机遇。21世纪的东北亚区域合作应是多元的、多层次的合作。为此,建立东北亚地区国际合作机制和协商机制,形成区域经济模式和地区安全机制将是我们的共同责任。     

Comparing Implementation of Internet Diffusion in the United States and France: Policies,Beliefs, and Institutions

Comparing Internet diffusion policies in the United States and France from an implementation perspective brings to light institutional and historical differences, even though both countries used the same top‐down approach. We find that France not only followed the technological lead of the United States in information technology but also emulated some of its more business‐oriented approaches in the implementation of the Internet, despite its own longstanding tradition of government intervention in industrial and commercial matters. This policy shift appears to be spurred by the global economy. Traditionally state‐controlled national economies are now increasingly leveraging private interests for successful industrial policy. When applying Sabatier and Jenkins‐Smith's advocacy coalition framework to the American and French diffusion of the Internet, we find policy communities actually expanding to private and public actors, including industry captains, legislators, and civil servants. These subsystems work together through classic lawmaking and lobbying under technological and economic constraints.     

Performance Study of a Score‐based Likelihood Ratio System for Forensic Fingermark Comparison

In this article, the performance of a score‐based likelihood ratio (LR) system for comparisons of fingerprints with fingermarks is studied. The system is based on an automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS) comparison algorithm and focuses on fingerprint comparisons where the fingermarks contain 6–11 minutiae. The hypotheses under consideration are evaluated at the level of the person, not the finger. The LRs are presented with bootstrap intervals indicating the sampling uncertainty involved. Several aspects of the performance are measured: leave‐one‐out cross‐validation is applied, and rates of misleading evidence are studied in two ways. A simulation study is performed to study the coverage of the bootstrap intervals. The results indicate that the evidential strength for same source comparisons that do not meet the Dutch twelve‐point standard may be substantial. The methods used can be generalized to measure the performance of score‐based LR systems in other fields of forensic science.     

“双循环”新发展格局的历史逻辑、理论逻辑和实践逻辑

改革开放40余年,中国经济总体规模和发展质量有了大幅度提升,为应对新冠肺炎疫情和国际经济环境的急剧变化打下了坚实的基础.“双循环”新发展格局形成的历史逻辑清晰地表明中国经济发展的结构和质量均已达到了一个新的历史阶段;其理论逻辑则基于李嘉图比较优势理论,对我国要素禀赋及由此衍生的制度和文化需求提出了更高的要求;其实践逻辑...     

环境民事公益诉讼法律适用困境及其破解

环境民事公益诉讼在司法实践中已得到大量运用,但其存在以下法律适用上的问题:第一,在对具体个案是环境民事公益诉讼还是其他私益诉讼的性质判断上,现有裁判存在显著差异。第二,在环境民事公益诉讼与类似案件的审理中,不同案件裁判者在程序选择与裁判结果上也呈现各异的走向。原因在于该诉的法律适用中存在"公共利益"等现有民事法律体系难以评价的规范性构成要件。究其根源,是该诉的独立请求权基础尚未得到明确。因此裁判者在审案时通过"借用"环境侵权之诉等类似诉讼请求权基础进行涵摄时,其法律适用过程就容易产生混同。明确环境民事公益诉讼请求权并精细该诉的法律规则,有助于环境民事公益诉讼程序的公正运行与裁判结果的日趋统一。     

Inconsistency between educational attainment and literacy: The case of Russia

From the moment when wide spread of large scale assessments in sociology and economics began, the most commonly used indicators of peoples’ qualifications are the number of years spent in education and the possession of a high school/college/university diploma. But what if these formal indicators are unreliable under certain conditions and do not reflect actual literacy and competency of people? This article, drawing on data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), questions accuracy of the basic educational indicators in Russia. There is a linear relationship between the possession of a formal graduation diploma and the measurement of PIAAC literacy of the able-bodied population in OECD countries, including the Eastern European ones. However, the analysis shows that in Russia there is an inconsistency between literacy and formal educational status. This fact in itself casts doubt on the effectiveness of formal education indicators in Russia. The social implications resulting from this inconsistency become apparent through an international comparison of research results. These ill effects have been documented in the areas of employment, education and social reproduction and in the social self-awareness of the Russian people.     

我国疑罪从无的理论省察及规则重述

疑罪是刑事诉讼在司法实践中必然遭遇且无法绕开的实然性难题。刑事诉讼立法抑或刑事司法或显或隐地借助于从无来摆脱其困境。疑罪从无作为一项诉讼原则被我国理论所倚重,理论上不仅将其视为国外司法活动的惯常做法,在叙事上也将其与证据不足相等同,甚至还将其功能扩展到作为根治冤假错案的惟一途径。坚持疑罪从的无国家存在冤假错案的现实,与我国理论对其功能表达形成相当的反差,特别我国司法实践未遵从理论指导的现实样态,又使得人们对理论阐述衍生迷思并陷入困惑。实质上,疑罪从无是一种分配错误的裁判规则,是法官认定事实时存疑且心证无法形成情形下选择配置错误的一种方式,其本身不是减少错案的防范性规范,在证据理论层面不同于证据不足,理论也不宜作为纠正冤案的基本惟一准则。一般而言,对于有罪与无罪均有证据证明而难分伯仲时,疑罪应当从无;对于达到证明标准或者辩方自愿认罪而法官心证仍未形成,且对有罪无法排除合理怀疑的,此种情形下的疑罪也可以从轻。     

未成年人社区矫正的比较与重构

社区矫正作为国家一项刑罚执行措施与罪犯瑰造制度，是司法改革的重要内容。作为社区矫正的特殊组成部分，通过社区矫正与未成年人服刑工作的结合，可以矫正未成年人的行为及心理。解决未成年人服刑问题引发的社会问题。但未成年人社区矫正在立法系统性、管理制度独立性、对象适用广泛性、监管手段全面性等存在不足。可以借鉴国际社会未成人社区矫正经验，总结本土化的社区矫正谋略，探索地方实践模式，完善未成年人社区矫正制度。