Quiet Casualties: An Analysis of U Non-Immigrant Status of Undocumented Immigrant Victims of Intimate Partner Violence

Although immigration policy is a key component of public administration scholarship in the United States, research into Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) for both documented and particularly undocumented immigrants has been tangential in focus. This exploratory study questions 1. the effect of immigration reform on U.S. undocumented immigrant women of IPV and

2. how changes in the number of undocumented immigrants affect IPV victimization rates and the regulations concerning U non-immigrant status.

A least-square trend line suggests that the 10,000 U visa applications permitted annually will not cover the undocumented female population of IPV let alone the victims qualified under the U non-immigrant status. Based on a review of the laws and policies regarding the U-Visa we provide several recommendations to reform immigration laws directed toward immigrant victims of IPV. This study adds to the growing, but still weak body of knowledge on abused immigrant female populations in the United States and how federal legislation toward immigration reform and policy will help these women become valuable contributors to our society.     

The Trafficking in Persons Report: a game of risk

The State Department ranks countries on adherence to minimum standards set forth by the Trafficking Victims Protection Act 2000. The Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP) is updated annually and failure to enact changes to combat trafficking results in higher tier rankings. This paper evaluates the TIP by situating this tool in light of special features of the modern era, such as globalization and risk. Through a survey of the theoretical literature on risk and on trafficking risk factors, we devise six preliminary risk clusters and discuss how the TIP could incorporate governments’ response to trafficking risk factors into the ranking system. Our intentions are to spark debate about how risk factors could be incorporated in the TIP, to provide a preliminary model and to encourage further research in this area.     

Where are all the victims?

Research Summary The passage of new laws that criminalize the trafficking of persons for labor and sexual services has raised public awareness about the problem of human trafficking. In response, police must understand the problem, identify human trafficking victims, and make arrests. The numbers of victims identified to date, however, has paled in comparison with official estimates, which leads some to question the existence of a human trafficking problem. Missing from this debate is information about how frequently police encounter human trafficking and how well prepared officers are to handle these cases. Analyzing survey responses from a national sample of police agencies in the United States, we found that less than 10% of police agencies identified human trafficking cases from 2000 to 2006. Larger agencies were more likely to identify cases of human trafficking but the agency leader perception about the problem in their local communities as well as taking steps to prepare officers to identify and respond were the most important factors to increasing human trafficking identification by police. Policy Implications This study provides much needed information about why U.S. officials have identified so few human trafficking victims. By understanding how often and under what conditions police find, investigate, and prosecute cases of human trafficking we will be in a better position to identify and overcome barriers to police responses to trafficking and understand the limitations of official statistics about human trafficking. Data from a national survey also provide a baseline measure of police identification of human trafficking against which we can gauge the progress of future anti-trafficking efforts.     

Some Observations on Changing Business Practices in Drug Trafficking: The Andean experience

The field of cocaine production and trafficking has become more differentiated and the enterprises have become more heterogeneous. A new generation of traffickers has entered the business. They are low profile, cautious and they organize the trade in an informal way. They have a different style of operation than the druglords in the epoch of the big ‘cartels’. The use of individual couriers smuggling small amounts of cocaine while using normally scheduled flights has increased spectacularly presenting new challenges to law enforcement.     

零星贩毒案件中的诱惑侦查行为

诱惑侦查的核心是国家作为诱惑者诱使被诱惑者实施犯罪，此种激励型侦查实践的核心在于，需要刺激犯罪的实际发生。与卧底侦查相比，诱惑侦查并不是一种对付有组织犯罪和职业型犯罪分子的专用武器，而是可以广泛利用于各种犯罪。     

少数民族农村妇女外流现象的实证研究

在对三个不同少数民族村寨进行田野调查的基础上,分析了目前少数民族农村妇女外流的原因。文章认为,在看待妇女外流现象时,应该引入“社会性别与发展”的现代女权主义视角,把保障少数民族妇女的安全作为一个系统工程来进行考量,根据不同少数民族社区各自的社会性别观念作出有针对性的政策导向和制度设计。     

打击贩毒活动的措施研究

依法严厉打击贩毒活动,是遏制毒品流通渠道最直接、最有效的措施。禁毒侦查部门打击贩毒活动的措施和方法很多,概括起来有两种,即公开查缉与专案侦查。公开查缉与专案侦查在打击贩毒活动中都能发挥重要作用,同时也存在各自的局限性。公开查缉与专案侦查可以互相转化。实际工作中,为了有力打击贩毒活动,侦查人员要树立强烈的案件延伸意识。     

我国缉毒实践中运用“控制下交付”存在的问题及对策

控制下交付是目前打击跨国、跨地区违禁品犯罪一项有效的特殊侦查措施，在司法实践中发挥着重要作用，但是实践中常常由于操作不当而导致失败。究其原因，有客观方面的，也有主观方面的。只有进一步加强侦查员的基本素质，才能从根本上提高运用控制下交付的能力。     

Trafficking of Ethiopian women to Europe – making choices,taking risks,and implications

ABSTRACT

This piece focuses on the Ethiopian women victims of trafficking – the agency of these women in the whole trafficking process, and issues of choice – ‘trying a chance’, or just taking a risk to get out of poverty or difficult social circumstances, considering that they are lured, tricked, coerced, or even forced into the hands of traffickers by a wide range of circumstances and people, including family and friends. Traffickers target girls with economic, social, and family problems. Most of the trafficking of women and girls from Ethiopia is carried out through the use of service ‘agencies’ and human smugglers who facilitate the process of migration through a number of routes. Many of those who use the ‘desert route’ often begin from Sudan to North Africa from where they cross to Europe. The data for this contribution were generated in a study – ‘Captured in Flight: Experiences of violence among African women in Sweden’ – funded by the Swedish crime prevention agency (Brottsoffermyndgheten). The research for the project has been carried out in Sweden, but the women whose case studies are presented here have been in the Middle East, Turkey, Italy, Finland, and Greece before coming to Sweden.     

试论当前我国贩卖毒品案件的特点及侦查对策

当前我国贩卖毒品案件呈现下列特点:境内外贩毒分子相互勾结,集团化趋势明显;贩毒手段更加现代化、智能化;贩毒手法、方式不断翻新;武装贩毒突出,对抗性加剧;零星贩毒日益增多。针对这些特点,应采取的侦查对策是做好情报工作,多渠道收集贩毒案件的情报信息;掌握贩卖毒品案件的侦查途径;从堵卡设伏入手,查获贩毒案件;综合运用各种措施与手段进行侦查;加大对零星贩毒的惩治力度。