印度尼西亚英语中的语言迁移现象

英语是印度尼西亚的第二语言,本文尝试从语言迁移的角度分析以印度尼西亚语为母语的英语学习者的语言特点以及他们在使用英语时易犯的错误,以期能在一定程度上预见错误以实现更好的交流。     

Turnover,Trust, and Transfers: An Examination of Local Government Budget Execution

Abstract

Studies of budget execution focus either on the procedural aspects of internal controls and adjustments or the necessity of the changes made in the original budget. Adjustments made on an ongoing basis without undermining the integrity of the budget has been generally seen as a necessary means of creating flexibility while maintaining appropriate controls. In this context, our article addresses one aspect of the local government budget—whether turnover in key leadership and professional position affects the amount of transfer and reprogramming made during the execution process. Based on surveys of municipal budget offices in the Greater Cincinnati area, we report that turnover in some leadership positions does affect budget transfers. This finding also supports the proposition that the stability of key budget roles is an important factor in the budget execution process.     

农村基层政权职能与农民负担关系的历史分析

1949年以来,在土地改革的基础上,政府的力量第一次真正深入到了农村基层,农村基层政权经历了私有制基础上的乡镇制,公有制基础上的人民公社制("政社合一"),以及1983年以来建立在多种经济成份基础上的乡镇制。无论哪种体制,作为农村基层政权,它都始终存在着两个基本要素:一是它的"事权",即它到底要承担哪些责任和事务;二是它的"财权",即它的经费有多少,能否与它的事权相匹配。随着现代化的快速推进,农村基层政权的"事权"不断扩大,而它的"财权"却很有限。这种"事权"与"财权"的严重失衡,在"自上而下"的官僚体制和农村民主政治尚不完善的条件下,必然导致农村基层政权将负担以各种形式转移到农民头上。     

经济法规的合宪性审查标准——基于对美国联邦最高法院判例的考察

对法律文件的违宪审查是我国合宪性审查体系的重要组成部分。在美国的违宪审查实践中,针对法律所涉及的内容,分别存在着合理审查、中等审查和严格审查等不同的审查标准。对于经济领域的法律,一般采用合理审查标准,但近年来在涉及言论自由的经济领域,其审查标准往往会提高。在我国的合宪性审查制度中,如果法院在个案审判中发现法律存在违宪嫌疑时,可以建立向最高人民法院移送的机制,并通过听证程序进行充分论证以决定是否向全国人大常委会提出合宪性审查请求。在审查中,对于我国的经济法律不宜直接采用合理审查标准,而应提高审查标准。     

中国社会保障财政支出的地区差异问题分析

如同经济发展存在地区差异一样,中国的社会保障财政支出也体现着明显的地区差异的特点,这造成了社会保障这一正式社会经济制度未能发挥其应有的调节地区间经济发展不平衡的再分配功能.依据区域经济学中地区差异的相关度量指标和方法,对分税制改革以来十年间(1995年-2005年)中国社会保障财政支出的地区差异问题,包括社会保障财政负担的地区差异、社会保障财政人均支出的地区差异、以及社会保障财政支出水平的地区差异的演变轨迹作归纳性描述,并对其与各地区之间的经济发展水平和财政能力差异之间的关系作对比分析;探讨了社会保障财政支出地区差异问题的形成原因;并提出了建立社会保障转移支付制度的政策建议.     

沪综指走势的马尔可夫链模型预测

将上海股票市场走势分为三种状态,建立马尔可夫链模型,发现只要交易日足够多,各个状态都是相通的,而且上涨、持平、下跌的概率基本相同;在短期上,该模型可以比较准确地预测沪综指的走势,比现有技术分析法更有优势.     

保单贴现的法律规制路径

保单贴现制度具有其他保单变现方式所不具有的优势,其实质是投保人将保险合同转让至保单贴现公司或保单投资人,并将保单受让人变更为保单受益人。但是,基于人寿保单的特殊性,保单贴现交易的开展突破了合同权利义务概括移转的一般规则,无需取得作为合同相对人的保险人的同意。保险利益原则及保单贴现等待期可有效解决源于陌生人的人寿保单所引发的问题;为兼顾规制源于陌生人的人寿保单与减少保单贴现当事人之间的纠纷这两项功能,保单贴现等待期为自保险合同成立之日起2年;为保障保单贴现人等弱势交易群体的利益,应当设置相应的最低保单贴现率;此外,为便利对保单贴现市场的监管,维护保险消费者权益,应要求从事保单贴现业务的相关公司取得许可;主治医师声明及证明文件不必作为规制保单贴现的工具。     

Transfer experiments with acrylic fibres

Some simple experiments on the transfer of acrylic fibres simulating real life conditions are described. The transfer to, and persistence of these fibres on clothing and seating and their secondary transfer under different circumstances was investigated. In all instances the donor fibres were from a red cardigan involved in a homicide case. Interpretation of the case work findings was supported by experimental results. Fibres were shown to persist on seats/car seats despite secondary contacts after their original deposition. Caution is advisable when interpreting the transfer of a very low number of recovered fibres. The fibres were also shown to persist on a variety of garments after they had been washed or dry cleaned.     

土家族地区农村剩余劳动力的转移

土家族地区农村剩余劳动力的转移是事关我国全面建设小康社会和现代化建设的重要问题。本文对土家族地区农村剩余劳动力人口进行分类,确定实施转移的范围进行分析;建议政府采取切实可行的方案,既立足当前,又考虑长远,有目标、分阶段地解决土家族地区农村剩余劳动力的转移问题;大力发展农村义务教育及技能培训,提高农民受教育层次,促进产业结优化升级,规范、完善劳动力市场,提供准确可靠的信息,合理解决土家族地区农村剩余劳动力转移问题。     

Juvenile Waiver 2014: A Review of State Statutes

Juvenile waiver has received much attention from the public, practitioners, and scholars. Prior studies have documented the increased use and effects of waiver. In this study we examine the current state of the law regarding juvenile waiver. We replicate 1995 and 2003 studies that examined state waiver statutes and detail the changes in prosecutorial, judicial, and legislative waiver since 2003. While the juvenile crime rate has dropped dramatically, it is unclear why legislatures’ fascination with juvenile waiver has also decreased. In this study we determine that juvenile waiver remains popular with legislatures, although there are signs of change.