理想抑或其他？地方政府公共服务均等化研究（2001--2010）

地方政府是公共服务提供的主导者,公共服务的均等化已经成为我国在新世纪的重要战略目标。10年来,地方政府公共服务支出增长速度非常快,一个地区公共服务支出总量和经济发展水平密切相关;公共服务支出占一般预算支出的比例基本变化不大,地方政府间存在模仿性策略行为;国家的转移支付,对西部地区均等化起到很好的作用,但是对于中部和东部来说,作用不明显,甚至有“劫富济贫”的倾向;从区域分析来看,四大区域公共服务均等化进一步加强,东部与东北地区公共服务优势缩小,西部地区得到改善,中部地区一直处于不利地位。因此,迫切需要建设公共服务型政府,加大公共服务投入,优化支出结构;建立以公共服务产出为导向的转移支付制度;增强中央政府公共服务供给责任,以基本需求战略为核心,建立公共服务全国最低标准;整合市场与社会的力量,形成多元化供给的格局。     

分税制改革后省级预算外收入膨胀的原因分析

预算外收入是我国公共财政中极为奇特的一部分。20世纪80年代的分权化改革为预算外收入打开了缺口,使之成为一个不受正规财政管理约束、却又足以影响国民经济增长及其结构的变量。将研究范围集中于1994年分税制改革后省一级的预算外收入状况,从1994年的分税制改革、我国现阶段的财政转移支付制度和对预算外收入的管理体制这三方面分析了1994年以后省级预算外收入膨胀的原因。最后提出,要化解中国现今出现的财政混乱,关键在于制度的建设与转型,也就是在财政领域上建立一个规范合理的制度框架,以此影响和制约地方政府的行为,并最终使得中央与地方的关系在一个制度化的框架内正常发展以至相互协调。     

Fragrance transfer between fabrics for forensic reconstruction applications

Sexual assault is a serious crime that often has low conviction rates. Recent literature has demonstrated that there is potential for fragrances to be valuable in forensic reconstructions where there has been contact between individuals. However, developing appropriate evidence bases for understanding the nature of fragrance transfer in these contexts is needed. This article presents three experiments that address the transfer process of fragrances that have been transferred from a primary piece of fabric onto a secondary piece of fabric, in a manner that could occur during an assault. The three variables studied were the ageing time of the fragrances on the first fabric prior to transfer, the contact time between the two fabrics, and lastly the fabric type (of the primary material and the recipient material). The transfer was evaluated using a validated solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPME GC–MS) method. The findings demonstrated that all three variables had an impact on the transfer of fragrances between clothing fabrics. Generally, lower volatility compounds were transferred and recovered in larger amounts than higher volatility compounds. All fragrance compounds were successfully recovered from a secondary piece of fabric even when the contact time was as short as 10 s, and even when the perfume was aged on the primary fabric for as long as 48 h. The nature of the fragrance transfer also depended on the fabric type, so that a clear discrimination was observed between the fragrance transfer that occurred onto a natural fabric (cotton) and onto a synthetic fabric (polyester).     

Journey history reconstruction from the soils and sediments on footwear: An empirical approach

The value of environmental evidence for reconstructing journey histories has significant potential given the high transferability of sediments and the interaction of footwear with the ground. The importance of empirical evidence bases to underpin the collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of forensic trace materials is increasingly acknowledged. This paper presents two experimental studies designed to address the transfer and persistence of sediments on the soles of footwear in forensically relevant scenarios, by means of quartz grain surface texture analysis, a technique which has been demonstrated to be able to distinguish between samples of mixed provenance.It was identified that there is a consistent trend of transfer and persistence of sediments from hypothetical pre-, syn- and post-crime event locations across the sole of the shoe, with sediments from ‘older’ locations likely to be retained in small proportions. Furthermore, the arch of the shoe (the area of lowest foot pressure distribution) typically (but not exclusively) retained the highest proportion of grain types from previous locations including the crime scene. A lack of chronological layering of the retained sediments was observed indicating that techniques that can identify the components of mixed provenance samples are important for analysing footwear sediment samples. It was also identified that the type of footwear appeared to have an influence on what particles were retained, with high relief soles that incorporate recessed areas being more likely to retain sediments transferred from ‘older’ locations from the journey history. In addition, the inners of footwear were found to retain sediments from multiple locations from the journey history that are less susceptible to differential loss in comparison to the outer sole. These findings provide important data that can form the basis for the effective collection, analysis and interpretation of sediments recovered from both the outer soles and inners of footwear, building on the findings of previously published studies. These data offer insights that enable inferences to be made about mixed source sediments that are identified on footwear in casework, and provide the beginnings of an empirical basis for assessing the significance of such sediment particles for a specific forensic reconstruction.     

Minimizing hand-to-glove DNA contamination

In this study, the Netherlands Forensic Institute’s (NFI) contamination prevention recommendations to prevent hand-to-outside-glove DNA transfer were assessed for effectiveness and subsequently optimized. The results of this study support the choice of using a 0.3% sodium hypochlorite solution or commercially available RNase AWAY as decontamination reagents to clean and subsequently dry the exterior of donned gloves prior to entering the lab and/or handling items of evidence.     

对《担保法》第49条的思考与探讨

我国以房地产作为抵押物进行按揭贷款时,现行立法对抵押物的转让做出了限制性规定。这种限制的结果使得抵押人很难转让抵押物,不利于房地产市场的顺利发展。     

试析我国二元经济结构的固化与转化

城乡二元经济结构的存在,既是发展中国家普遍存在的现象,又是这些国家发展滞后的重要根源。目前这种城乡分割的二元经济结构在我国有进一步固化的迹象,正阻碍着经济社会的健康、协调和可持续发展。促使这种二元异质结构向一元同质的现代化结构转化,必须找出其转化刚性的根源,提出转化的对策。     

抵押物转让效力之比较研究──兼评我国担保法第49条

抵押物转让之后,大陆法系的主要国家均认为抵押权人享有遍及权, 在抵押权人与抵押物受让人的利益衡平方面,各国则采取了颇为不同的措施。抵押 权追及主义立场和与之相配套的各项制度并不合理,为体现民法的逻辑体系与街平 理念,有必要舍弃抵押权追及主义,而代之以物上代位主义。     

白芍饮片厚度对其损耗及标准汤剂转移率和出膏率的影响

目的 考察不同厚度白芍饮片的损耗及其标准汤剂的转移率和出膏率,评价饮片厚度对白芍质量的影响。方法 切制不同厚度的白芍饮片,计算其碎屑率、下料率和翘片率;制备不同厚度白芍饮片标准汤剂,测定其出膏率,并利用高效液相色谱法测定白芍饮片和汤剂中的主要成分,计算其转移率。结果 其碎屑率、下料率及翘片率随饮片厚度增加而降低;白芍饮片的标准汤剂出膏率和各成分转移率与白芍饮片厚度成反比。结论 在本研究的基础上,结合产业化生产实际,建议亳白芍饮片厚度以2 mm左右为宜。