Expert examination and assessment of state under the influence of psychoactive substances

An expert examination is a medical examination performed by a doctor on the order of a police officer or investigating judge. It includes a clinical examination of the subject, collection of samples for toxicological analysis, and the doctor's assessment of whether the subject is under the influence of psychoactive substances. The doctor requires expert knowledge, skill, experience and sufficient time to successfully perform the examination. Since the accurate assessment of the effects of psychoactive substances present depends on a comprehensive evaluation of toxicological test results, the calculation of results at the time of the event and the results of the medical examination, an unprofessionally performed examination can have far-reaching consequences, primarily legal in nature.     

红外线合成图像在变造文件检验中的应用与分析

在文件检验中,黑白红外线照相是一种检验变造文件的方法,然而,在某些情况下效果欠佳。为了提高检验的准确性,不妨可以应用红外线合成图像的方法。应用Photoshop图像处理方法,根据红外线彩色照相的感光原理和色彩再现过程,对数码照相机拍摄的可见光图像和红外线图像进行适当处理,即可生成红外线合成图像。这种图像可以反映字迹对可见光和红外线的吸收与反射情况,通过判断字迹颜色有否改变来检验书写色料的异同。由此可见,利用红外线合成图像方法检验某些变造文件,可以获得黑白红外线照相无法得到的检验结果,这对提高鉴定结论的准确性具有实际应用价值。     

Age determination of ballpoint pen ink by thermal desorption and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Two main approaches can be used for determining the age of an ink: indirect dating and direct dating. Indirect dating is based on the chemical analysis of an ink followed by comparison with known samples in a reference collection. The collection should contain information about the inks including the market introduction dates. This approach may allow for an anachronism to be detected. The second concept is based on measuring ink components that change with age. The analysis of solvents in ballpoint inks may be a useful parameter for determining the age of ink on paper. In a previous study, the authors demonstrated that thermal desorption of ink directly from paper, followed by chemical analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), is a promising procedure for characterizing ink-binder resins and solvents. Preliminary tests showed that monitoring the evaporation of ink solvent from ink on paper is not a suitable method for ink dating. Thermal analysis of ink on paper in two steps revealed that fresh ink releases a relative amount of solvent at a certain low temperature in a defined period of time, which decreases as the ink ages. As a consequence, this relative amount of solvent released at a certain low temperature, and its decrease with time, can be used to estimate ink age. This age-dependent parameter was studied in 85 different inks ranging in age from 1 week to 1.5 years. It was found that some inks showed a significant decrease of this parameter up to an age of several months, and that the aging process can be monitored within this period. For other inks, however, the age-dependent parameter decreases relatively fast, e.g., within a few days, to a constant level, which can be too fast for casework. Based on these results, a general procedure for assessing the age of ballpoint pen inks on paper was developed.     

A calculation of the theoretical significance of matched bullets

Abstract:  The comparison and identification of bullets from the striations that appear on their surfaces, after they have been fired from a gun, have been practiced since the 1920s. Although the significance of the correspondences of these impression marks has been empirically justified, there is a conspicuous absence of any theoretical foundation for the likelihood. What is presented here is the derivation of the formulae for calculating the probability for the correspondence of the impression marks on a subject bullet to a random distribution of a similar number of impression marks on a suspect bullet of the same type. The approach to the calculation entails subdividing the impression marks into a series of individual lines having widths equal to the separation distance at which a misalignment of striations between the two bullets cannot be distinguished. This distance depends upon the resolution limit imposed by the microscope as well as by the visual acuity of the examiner. A calculation of the probabilities for finding pairs and triplets of consecutively matching lines on nonmatching bullets, by an examiner with normal perception using a microscope at 40× magnification, produces values that agree well with the empirical probabilities determined by Biasotti in the 1950s and when determined for larger consecutive sequences suggest that they are extremely unlikely to occur. The formulae can be used to determine the probabilities for the random occurrence of any sequence of striae and provide a straightforward way to quantitatively justify the significance of a specific match between any two bullets.     

Identification of colorants in pigmented pen inks by laser desorption mass spectrometry

Pigments are rapidly replacing dyes as colorants in pen and printer inks, due to their superior colors and stability. Unfortunately, tools commonly used in questioned document examination for analyzing pen inks, such as TLC, cannot be used for the analysis of insoluble pigments on paper. Laser desorption mass spectrometry is demonstrated here as a tool for analyzing pigment-based pen inks. A pulsed nitrogen laser can be focused onto a pen stroke from a pigmented ink pen on paper, and positive and negative ions representative of the pigment can be generated for subsequent mass spectrometric analysis. Targeted pens for this work were a set of Uni-ball 207 pigmented ink pens containing blue, light blue, orange, green, violet, red, pink, and black inks. Copper phthalocyanine was identified as the pigment used to make both blue inks. A mixture of halogenated copper phthalocyanines were identified in the green ink. Unexpectedly, the pink ink was found to contain a red pigment, Pigment Red 12, treated with a mixture of water-soluble dyes. Each sample yielded ions representative of the pigments present.     

论法院对国际商事仲裁裁决的程序审查

程序审查是法院对国际商事仲裁裁决进行司法审查的重要内容。但长期以来,在法院对国际商事仲裁裁决进行程序审查的范围和认定程序违法的标准问题上,一直没有统一的认识。并非所有的违反程序规则的行为都可作为认定程序违法并进而撤销仲裁裁决的理由,只有那些违反程序规则的行为严重到违反了正当程序原则时,才可认定仲裁程序违法,并进而考虑是否撤销仲裁裁决。这样才符合法律建立对国际商事仲裁裁决进行司法审查的原旨和目的。     

国家法律者自国家考试出--德国职业法律者培养和选拔模式一瞥

法治国家的建立和法律秩序的维护需要一大批高素质的职业法律者,德国在培养和选拔职业法律者的过程中创造了一批独特的模式.这种模式具有浓烈的国家色彩.它通过国家考试的形式将培养和选拔溶为一体.在德国,未来职业法律者在参加国家考试前,必须要经过校园专业学习和职业预备期的训练.当然,这种模式也有其缺陷和不足.     

中国大一统的历史密码破译——基于政治经济制度的阐释

中国 “大一统”国家形态的形成源于治理水患与抵御外敌所需要的国家管理能力,而其维持则需要适应性的政治经济制度设计以维持中央政权的全面掌控能力。在农业社会,国家的控制能力取决于有效的组织体系与稳定的土地税收。为此,中国历代政权经过长期调整形成了以科举制为选拔机制的核心政治密码及建立有效土地制度和税收制度的经济密码。科举制能够更多地促进社会阶层的有序流动,延缓了侵占国家权力与土地税收的大地主的崛起,而土地制度虽然为适应人口及生产状况最终走向了私有制为主的道路,但在科举制确立以后的土地兼并再未形成影响国家行政能力的门阀地主阶层,从而有效地维持了国家的统一。因此,有序社会流动与土地税收制度设计正是保持历史上中国大一统的核心政治、经济密码。     

司法考试背景下地方院校民法本科教学改革

在校本科生可以参加司法考试,对我国本科法学教育产生了强烈冲击,也要求正确处理好法学本科教育与司法考试的关系.针对民法课程的自身特点,鉴于其在本科法学教育和司法考试中具有的举足轻重地位,集中体现了法学本科教育与司法考试的冲突与契合.理性看待司法考试对法学本科教育的负面影响,结合地方院校的自身地位和特点,促进司法考试背景下...     

浅析我国法学教育价值观重构的必要性

法学教育价值观,是指在一定的历史条件下,主体对法学教育与自身需要和利益的关系所形成的稳定看法.国家统一司法考试的制度定位与法学教育的脱钩、法学教育人才培养的多层次性与法学教育目标定位的模糊性、法学教育的单一性人才的培养与知识经济对复合性人才的需求、职业素养价值观与理论素养法学教育价值观的融合、趋同态势需要我国法学教育价值观进行重构.