Expert examination and assessment of state under the influence of psychoactive substances

An expert examination is a medical examination performed by a doctor on the order of a police officer or investigating judge. It includes a clinical examination of the subject, collection of samples for toxicological analysis, and the doctor's assessment of whether the subject is under the influence of psychoactive substances. The doctor requires expert knowledge, skill, experience and sufficient time to successfully perform the examination. Since the accurate assessment of the effects of psychoactive substances present depends on a comprehensive evaluation of toxicological test results, the calculation of results at the time of the event and the results of the medical examination, an unprofessionally performed examination can have far-reaching consequences, primarily legal in nature.     

红外线合成图像在变造文件检验中的应用与分析

在文件检验中,黑白红外线照相是一种检验变造文件的方法,然而,在某些情况下效果欠佳。为了提高检验的准确性,不妨可以应用红外线合成图像的方法。应用Photoshop图像处理方法,根据红外线彩色照相的感光原理和色彩再现过程,对数码照相机拍摄的可见光图像和红外线图像进行适当处理,即可生成红外线合成图像。这种图像可以反映字迹对可见光和红外线的吸收与反射情况,通过判断字迹颜色有否改变来检验书写色料的异同。由此可见,利用红外线合成图像方法检验某些变造文件,可以获得黑白红外线照相无法得到的检验结果,这对提高鉴定结论的准确性具有实际应用价值。     

Identification of colorants in pigmented pen inks by laser desorption mass spectrometry

Pigments are rapidly replacing dyes as colorants in pen and printer inks, due to their superior colors and stability. Unfortunately, tools commonly used in questioned document examination for analyzing pen inks, such as TLC, cannot be used for the analysis of insoluble pigments on paper. Laser desorption mass spectrometry is demonstrated here as a tool for analyzing pigment-based pen inks. A pulsed nitrogen laser can be focused onto a pen stroke from a pigmented ink pen on paper, and positive and negative ions representative of the pigment can be generated for subsequent mass spectrometric analysis. Targeted pens for this work were a set of Uni-ball 207 pigmented ink pens containing blue, light blue, orange, green, violet, red, pink, and black inks. Copper phthalocyanine was identified as the pigment used to make both blue inks. A mixture of halogenated copper phthalocyanines were identified in the green ink. Unexpectedly, the pink ink was found to contain a red pigment, Pigment Red 12, treated with a mixture of water-soluble dyes. Each sample yielded ions representative of the pigments present.     

产前超声检查医疗纠纷4例分析

通过选取4例经人民法院判决的因产前超声检查引发的医疗纠纷案例,探讨此类案件医疗过错、损害后果及其两者之间因果关系的判定原则。在判定医疗过错时应关注产前检查的规范性,正确看待医疗机构的差异性,并适当考虑时间性因素。此类医疗损害的后果一般均为使有发育缺陷的婴儿出生,医疗过错与损害后果因果关系的分析则不同于一般医疗纠纷案件,存在特殊性,需特别慎重。     

论商标注册申请中“审查意见书”制度的设置

我国1993年《商标法实施细则》所确立的＂审查意见书制度＂与域外普遍实行的＂驳回申辩制度＂性质一致,但有自己的特点。在制度选择上,应将驳回前的意见机交换制度与驳回后的复审程序结合起来考虑,采用＂有申辩无复审＂的模式。从长远看,＂意见申辩制度＂还可以与＂驳回注册相对理由＂通知制度联系起来,以取代目前的对＂驳回注册相对理由＂进行主动审查与驳回的制度。     

门字框笔顺的判断方法

通过实验研究门字框笔顺判断的科学方法,收集155份实验笔迹样本,由书写人报告样本字中门字框的笔顺。分析门字框的笔迹形态与规范笔顺、通用笔顺的关系,发现点笔搭配位置,竖笔和点笔的收笔动向可以作为判断笔顺的可靠依据,根据点笔位置、竖笔和点笔收笔动向的规律,得出了门字框规范笔顺和通用笔顺的判断规则。     

Color separation in forensic image processing

In forensic image processing, it is often important to be able to separate a feature from an interfering background or foreground, or to demonstrate colors within an image to be different from each other. In this study, a color deconvolution algorithm that could accomplish this task is described, and it is applied to color separation problems in document and fingerprint examination. Subtle color differences (sometimes invisible to the naked eye) are found to be sufficient, which is demonstrated successfully for several cases where color differences were shown to exist, or where colors were removed from the foreground or background. The software is available for free in the form of an Adobe Photoshop-compatible plug-in.     

论对抽象行政行为的司法审查

在我国立法中排除了人民法院对抽象行政行为的司法审查,但为保护受违法抽象行政为侵害的行政相对人的利益,对抽象行政行为进行司法审查是必要也是可行的。     

论比例原则在行政诉讼中的运用

我国对于行政自由裁量权的合理性审查标准迫切需要重构。比例原则是大陆法系国家通过判例和理论发展起来的相当成熟的审查原则和标准,可资我国借鉴。本文研究比例原则的概念、渊源和适用领域,分析其在司法适用上的局限性,并就其在我国行政诉讼中运用的若干问题进行探讨。     

中国大一统的历史密码破译——基于政治经济制度的阐释

中国 “大一统”国家形态的形成源于治理水患与抵御外敌所需要的国家管理能力,而其维持则需要适应性的政治经济制度设计以维持中央政权的全面掌控能力。在农业社会,国家的控制能力取决于有效的组织体系与稳定的土地税收。为此,中国历代政权经过长期调整形成了以科举制为选拔机制的核心政治密码及建立有效土地制度和税收制度的经济密码。科举制能够更多地促进社会阶层的有序流动,延缓了侵占国家权力与土地税收的大地主的崛起,而土地制度虽然为适应人口及生产状况最终走向了私有制为主的道路,但在科举制确立以后的土地兼并再未形成影响国家行政能力的门阀地主阶层,从而有效地维持了国家的统一。因此,有序社会流动与土地税收制度设计正是保持历史上中国大一统的核心政治、经济密码。