被害人行为的出罪化问题研究

在规范刑法学的视野中,行为人之行为对于犯罪的成立与刑事责任之轻重具有绝对的排他性地位,而被害人的行为仅被当作酌定的量刑情节,即使在行为的定性上有所涉及,也仅是构成要件的派生解释因素,不具有适正的体系性地位。这种观念,实际上是否认了被害人的行为之于刑法的重要意义,而且,也是没有对现行刑法进行全面理解的结果,在一定程度上,被害人行为具有影响犯罪行为性质的根本性作用。正当防卫及基于被害人承诺的行为即是其典型表现。     

刑法语境中的“致人重伤、死亡”

我国现行刑法典多处使用了“致人重伤、死亡”的表述 ,看似简单 ,实则复杂。在规范性质上 ,具体表现为结果犯中的构成要件结果、结果加重犯中的加重结果和情节加重犯中的严重情节 ;在刑法价值上 ,既影响定罪 ,又影响量刑 ;在罪过形式上 ,又有单纯故意、单纯过失、故意与过失相混合三种类型。并且 ,刑法中的“致人死亡”不应包括引起被害人自杀的情形     

The Consequences of Victim Physical Attractiveness on Reactions to Injustice: The Role of Observers’ Belief in a Just World

Two studies explored Dion and Dion’s (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 775–780, 1987) suggestion that the belief in a just world may contribute to the “beauty is good” stereotype. In Study 1, we found that participants rated the death of a woman as more tragic and unfair when she was physically attractive than less attractive. Participants were also more punitive towards agents of harm when the victim was physically attractive. In Study 2, we varied the extent to which a woman suffered from a house fire and asked participants to later recognize the woman’s picture among several choices varying in physical attractiveness. Participants who learned that the woman suffered a great deal remembered her to be less physically attractive than when her suffering was minimal. The results are discussed in terms of how the justice motive contributes to the evaluative and moral importance attached to physical attractiveness.