IRAN’S STRUGGLE FOR STRATEGIC DOMINANCE IN A POST-ISIS IRAQ

Iran's influence and presence in Iraq have increased significantly in recent years. The collapse of the Saddam's dictatorship in 2003, after the US invasion, served to inflate Iran's influence in Iraq, particularly in the post-ISIS era. In this connection, Iran has used various means and tools to develop its strategy in Iraq. This article argues that Iran's current strategy in Iraq stems from a Realpolitik agenda rather than an ideological one, concerned more with political, economic, and security interests than pursuing revolutionary objectives per se. To this end, Tehran has largely relied on long-established relationships with several pro-Iranian political parties and militia groups. These relationships are often couched in religious ideological terms as a foundation and justification for its future strategy in post-ISIS Iraq. The questions that this paper will address are the following: what was Iran's role in defeating ISIS in Iraq? How has Tehran benefitted from its long-term relationships with Iraqi political parties and militia groups? What are the Iranian sources of power in Iraq and how do they help Iran gain strategic dominance in Iraq?     

走出决定论因果观的阴影

国家侵权赔偿因果关系的理解应当走出决定论因果观的阴影。哲学因果描述不仅有决定论描述,还有概率论描述。法律因果追问不是对客观、必然、本质联系的探索。国家怠于履行职责侵权因果关系的判断应当打断决定论的强大心理惯性,向普通人的因果观念求解。     

放宽法律的视界:乡村生活中村落法与国家法关系之解读--从两则材料谈开去

在中国农村社会 ,大量的村落法在实际上发挥着重要的作用 ,国家法以“法治”名义强行介入乡村是困难的 ,两者之间呈现出一种复杂深沉的张力 ,这是中国法治现代化进程中不可回避的现实问题。法学工作者应该放宽“法律”的视界 ,深入乡野 ,关注法运行的实然性 ,寻找真正解决问题的方法     

先进文化与"以德治国"

建设与我国社会主义市场经济和我国经济社会全面健康发展相适应的道德体系,不但要提出系统的道德规范,而且要使这些道德规范通过各种渠道深入人心,由外在的规范转换为内在的良心,使社会舆论与道德良心相互呼应,相互映照。这种道德规范的转变和深入人心,靠什么?靠先进文化。这对于坚定民众的理想信念,塑造正确的人生观、价值观,提高道德觉悟至关重要。     

《民法典》背景下知识产权惩罚性赔偿制度的路径选择——从国家治理现代化的视角切入

《中华人民共和国民法典》在知识产权领域全面引入了惩罚性赔偿制度。而针对之前商标领域的实证研究却发现,因为在直接公共规制与间接公共规制两种手段之间的选择,知识产权保护与消费维权的情况并不相同,惩罚性赔偿制度在知识产权领域不能得到广泛适用。从国家治理现代化的视角出发,将惩罚性赔偿进行类型化研究并细分为报应性损害赔偿和威慑性损害赔偿两种,并主张由一元选择模式转为二元选择模式,可以回应关于追求报应正义还是矫正正义的原点争论。而借鉴国外经验,并运用新比较经济学中的制度可能性边界模型对知识产权惩罚性赔偿制度的类型化进行阐释,能够说明知识产权惩罚性赔偿制度对直接、间接两种规制手段的依赖关系,进而形成审理不同类型知识产权惩罚性赔偿案件的裁判逻辑,且实现在知识产权保护中的利益平衡。     

Human (In)Security and Democracy in Central America

Human security has increasingly shifted attention to the individual, while the state has become guarantor (or violator) of security given its role in governing the domestic environment. This article examines how variations in regime forms influence security, pointing to the importance of political security in the wider human security framework. To illustrate, the article examines the nature of political security in Central America, a region with weakly democratized states and histories of political violence. The findings suggest a link between democracy and human security that is mediated by state capacity and the ability to control non-state violence against individuals.     

检察机关执行国家赔偿法中遇到的问题及立法建议

本文围绕赔偿案件确认标准、确认程序和审理期限及赔偿法应明确检察机关法律监督地位等问题进行了研究分析,并提出了立法建议。     

国家赔偿责任的民法基础

历史上盛行国家无不法行为能力理论,据此国家不对其公务员履行职务时的侵权行为承担责任,公务员要自己承担赔偿责任。随着法治国家观念的确立,国家开始代替其公务员向受害人承担赔偿责任,即所谓的代位责任。也有国家确立了国家的直接赔偿责任,即自己责任。但无一例外,国家的赔偿义务均建立在民法基础上,以全额赔偿为原则。我国国家赔偿制度确立了独一无二的"个人不赔,国家不全赔"的赔偿模式,偏离了赔偿法所固有的民法属性,无法良好保护受害人。而其根源则在于欠缺对国家赔偿责任的历史与本质的全面理解。有鉴于此,应尽快修订《国家赔偿法》,确立国家的全额赔偿责任,更好地服务法治国家的建设。     

潮流与现实悖反：我国机关法人之定位与重构

虽然国内外主流公私法理论基本认可国家主体性二元结构理论,大陆法传统更是认可国家的法人地位而否定国家机关的法人资格,并在立法上形成了公共机构非法人化的事实,但我国受前苏联国家特殊民事主体理论和国家机关法人理论影响,从20世纪50年代开始,就在立法和理论上认可了国家机关的法人地位并延续至今。我国这种国家机关全面法人化的立法事实不仅与世界范围内存在的非法人化潮流形成逆反,造成公法人向私法的遁入,而且与我国司法实践中普遍存在的国家机关的非法人化形成悖反,使机关法人的独立责任在相当程度上成为虚名。因此,在界分公法与私法的基础上,将国家机关的行为主要限定在公法领域,从而在私法领域中原则上否定其独立法人地位,只令其具有辅助国家私法人格与公共职能实现之作用,只有为实现公共利益与公共职能之必要时,例外地承认其独立法人地位。