在规则秩序与自由裁量权之间——评《转变中的法律与社会：迈向回应型法》

毫无疑问,在一个复杂多变的社会中,如果自由裁量权受到法律的过度控制,社会问题将难以解决。美国学者诺内特和塞尔兹尼克在其《转变中的法律与社会：迈向回应型法》中,提出了＂回应型法＂的概念,旨在放松法律规则对自由裁量权的束缚和限制。他们主张：为了回应变化着的现实世界,包括程序在内的法律形式主义能够被放弃。文章认为,这将必然导致自由裁量权的滥用。因此,应在规则与自由裁量权之间维持平衡。     

社区社会规范与社区治安研究——从社会资本理论视角出发的一种实证研究

课题从道德规范、制度规范及对制度规范的评价三个方面选取了社区社会规范的8个指标进行测量.研究结果表明,a社区的社区社会规范遵从程度高,社区的治安状况好,社区成员对社区治安状况的评价也较好;b社区的社区社会规范遵从程度低,社区的治安状况不佳,社区成员对社区治安状况的评价不好.     

醉驾型危险驾驶罪刑事证据规则研究——基于刑事一体化的尝试性构建

醉驾型危险驾驶罪类似国外违警罪的特性,决定了该罪出罪通道不应通过《刑法》第13条中但书现象建立。结合该罪实体要件取决于程序鉴定结果之特性,应跳出刑事实体法之外,结合刑事程序法对刑事证据证明标准有关理论,围绕如何判断醉驾案证据证明力问题并建立相应的证据规则,以严把入罪关。根据醉驾案证据证明力高低不同,可建立如下证据规则:单独呼气酒精测试结果只能作为醉驾案立案侦查依据而非定案证据使用;单独血液酒精含量测试结果可以作为定罪证据使用,且并不违反刑事诉讼法中孤证不立原则,但其客观性与合法性必须经过排除合理怀疑;既无呼气酒精测试也无血液酒精含量测试结果时,仅凭旁证不能认定醉驾犯罪成立。     

试析涉外文化财产所有权争议中的法律适用问题

文化财产是人类精神文明的产物，也是社会物质文明的载体。随着文化财产市场化进程的深入，其跨国流转现象愈发频繁。无论是通过正常合法途径交易，还是被非法移转至别国买卖，都可能出现文化财产的所有权争议。由于各国实体法中有关善意取得制度的规定不同，在解决争议时就需要进行法律选择，如何确定支配文化财产归属的准据法便成为关键的国际私法问题。“物之所在地法”、“原属国法”以及“最密切联系原则”是各国实践中常用的指引准据法的依据，通过对它们进行利弊分析，能够总结出一些国际经验，为我国立法完善提供参考。     

《民法典》合同履行规则检视

合同履行制度处于整个合同法律制度的核心位置。相较于其他各国民法典，我国《民法典》合同编对合同履行规则的立法安排具有自身特点：“履行”的指向为“合同”而非“债之关系”，根据合同关系的发展过程规定“履行”，“不履行”被作为违约形态纳入“违约责任”一章。《民法典》合同编在《合同法》的基础上，对“合同的履行”作出优化法定补充规则、衔接不安抗辩权与预期违约、完善情势变更制度等实质性修改以及若干形式上的修订，同时增补了“绿色”原则、债的履行规则以及“涉他合同关系”之规范。《民法典》合同编对政府指导价格及政府定价的执行、不安抗辩权的构成、债权人原因所致债务人履行困难等规则的保留值得肯定，但“当事人变化对合同履行的影响”之规定则无必要。《民法典》合同履行规则的缺憾包括合同履行原则不合理、债的履行规则不完备、“涉他关系”之规范不适当等。     

The Structure of Material Evidence Authentication Rules

The authentication rules of material evidence is very important for justice. The core of authentication system of real evidence is storage chain rules. We can only accept the evidence in the condition of legally custodian, evidence collected under legal procedure, the transfer without delay, the transport under control, the suitable environment. The authentication system of real evidence also contents the exception of storage chain rules.     

Democracy,Veto Player,and Institutionalization of Sovereign Wealth Funds

Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) have become important and controversial in global economy. We analyze why some SWFs have more encompassing and clearly specified governance rules than others. We argue that SWF institutionalization is structurally rooted in a country’s regime type and number of veto players in public policymaking. Democracy promotes SWF institutionalization by its need for strong rule of law, voters trying to constrain opportunistic behaviors of politicians, and the free flow of information. In contrast, the number of veto players has a curvilinear effect. When the number of veto players is very small, institutionalization is too rigid, constraining, and not preferred; when the number of veto players is moderate, it is optimal for veto players to manage their conflict over SWF governance in a more routine and institutionalized fashion; and when the number of veto players grows above a threshold, it becomes too costly to coordinate and produce mutually agreeable institutional rules. Our empirical analysis of 46 SWFs in 30 countries from 2007 to 2009 provides robust confirming evidence. SWF governance is more institutionalized and transparent in democracies and in countries with four veto players. Our research has important theoretical and policy implications for the ongoing debate over SWF.     

任意的当事人变更之再认识

关于任意的当事人变更,学说上存在诉之变更说、复合行为说以及特殊行为说三种观点.我国承袭苏联立法曾对其进行了粗略规定,随后又废止.理论研究及立法规则的缺位引发了制度的异化.从本质上而言,任意的当事人变更是一个关涉诉讼经济与程序保障调和的利益衡量问题.在当下诉讼资源紧缺的司法环境下,其具有不可或缺的重要价值.对任意的当事人...     

Hung Parliaments and the Need for Clearer Rules of Government Formation

The general elections of 2017 and 2010 produced hung parliaments in which no single party could command an overall majority; in May 2015 the UK only narrowly avoided that outcome. When a parliament is hung, more than one potential government can be viable, and the constitutional rules that determine who has the first right to form the government can thus have a decisive influence on which government forms. In the past, the UK has applied several potentially contradictory rules (based on conventions and principles), which do not all follow an equally democratic logic. This status quo is problematic because it can generate political controversy and uncertainty, in addition to jeopardising the Monarch's role in the government formation process. A reform that enables parliament to elect the leader who will be tasked with the formation of the next government would resolve these problems and provide constitutional clarity.     

债权让与中的优先规则与债务人保护

法国法系和德国法系在让与通知效力方面的主要差别,在于是否将通知作为债权让与对抗债务人之外的第三人的要件。确定被让与债权之归属的优先规则,包括合同成立主义、通知主义和登记注册主义,我国民法在解释上应当采纳通知主义。债务人可以向哪一方当事人进行有效的清偿与优先规则确定的债权归属并非完全一致。如果在让与通知之前债务人已经知悉债权的让与,债务人与出让人之间消灭债权的行为不能对抗受让人。表见让与适用于由出让人做出让与通知的情形,在受让人通知的情形,对表见让与的适用应当有特别的限制。债务人有权不主张表见让与而拒绝向表见受让人清偿或请求返还清偿。