债权人代位权与撤销权同时行使之质疑

《民法典分编(草案)》(二审稿)第331条第2款关于债权人代位权和撤销权同时行使的规定具有独创性,但其合理性存疑。本文认为,债权人代位权与撤销权制度功能上的差异是同时行使的理论障碍。二者同时行使导致制度功能、适用对象、行使范围的混淆,代位权和撤销权的构成要件并不相同,也难以同时行使。虽然两种保全措施的行使效力存在差异,但这并非撤销权的制度缺陷,而是该制度的内在要求,不宜通过同时行使规则而予以改变。     

美国《1998年国际宗教自由法》及对中美关系的影响评析

<1998年国际宗教自由法>(以下简称IRFA)是由美国保守派推动制订的一部具有域外效力的美国国内法.由于该法所包含的双重标准以及该法在推行过程中必然会产生的诸多问题,该法实施以来"产生"的域外效力十分有限,未对中美关系造成直接影响.但在美国社会不断保守化的背景下,IRFA对中美关系的间接和负面影响不容小视.针对美国国务院每年发布的<国际宗教自由年度报告>中对中国宗教自由状况的歪曲,中国政府予以外交上的坚决谴责是必须的,但从根本上说,在宗教领域奉行接触政策,勿视美国为敌,怀柔美国应是当前我国韬光养晦外交的较佳选择.     

论宪法在我国民事案件中的适用--以新闻侵权案件为例

我国的新闻侵权案件可分为两类其中一类为表达自由与名誉权或隐私权的冲突;另一类则为表达自由与公共权力的冲突.从法律关系的性质看,体现表达自由与公共权力冲突的新闻侵权案件,不是民事案件,而是宪法案件;纠纷双方不是平等主体之间的民事法律关系,而是监督与被监督的宪法关系.公民或媒体享有对公共权力的监督权,而接受这种监督是国家机关及其工作人员的宪法义务.所以,对这类案件中侵权行为的认定,不应当适用民法的归责原则,而应当适用宪法的归责标准.     

公诉权滥用与制约研究

对公诉权滥用的问题,我国学者进行过深入的研讨,但大多把视角落在将应诉而作不诉处理的角度上。实际上在我国,公诉机关由于拥有司法权力,又基于其追诉的倾向,往往在权力的滥用上更多的是将可作不诉处理的案件一再提起公诉。故本文从过度追诉的角度论及公诉权的滥用,试图揭示这一问题的另一面。     

Forensic investigation of OOXML format documents

MS Office documents could be illegally copied by offenders, and forensic investigators still face great difficulty in investigating and tracking the source of these illegal copies. This paper mainly proposes a forensic method based on the unique value of the revision identifier (RI) to determine the source of suspicious electronic documents. This method applies to electronic documents which use Office Open XML (OOXML) format, such as MS Office 2007, Mac Office 2008 and MS Office 2010. According to the uniqueness of the RI extracted from documents, forensic investigators can determine whether the suspicious document and another document are from the same source. Experiments demonstrate that, for a copy of an electronic document, even if all the original characters are deleted or formatted by attackers, forensic examiners can determine that the copy and the original document are from the same source through detecting the RI values. Additionally, the same holds true if attackers just copy some characters from the original document to a newly created document. As long as there is one character left whose original format has not been cleared, forensic examiners can determine that the two documents are from the same source using the same method. This paper also presents methods for OOXML format files to detect the time information and creator information, which can be used to determine who the real copyright holder is when a copyright dispute occurs.     

人权的普遍性根据与实现人权的文化前提

人的自由的绝对性使人拥有绝对的人权,维护与实践人权作为一种自觉的要求,要以对人的自由本质与绝对权利的自觉为前提,也就是要以启蒙文化为前提,而启蒙文化需要由文化启蒙来造就.这意味着,既不可能以武力推行人权,也不可能以任何文化传统的特殊性为借口拒绝人权.人权的绝对性与民族主义国家理论并无学理上的关联,一个主权实体内部的人权...     

遏制刑讯逼供的原理与机制研究

为推介中国人民大学法学院博士培养成果,搭建论文品评乃至学术评价之平台,《法学家》专辟博文精萃一栏。该栏目由两部分组成:其一是论文要旨,由博文作者对其博士论文进行全面系统而重点突出的介绍,一般宜包括如下要素:论文的体系架构;论文每章节的主要内容;论文的主要特点;论文的主要创新和不足;论文所研究领域的课题展望。其二是论文评议,可以是答辩委员会的论文审查意见,或者评审专家的点评,具体宜包括如下要素:对论文的总体评价;对论文的体系及各章节的评价;对论文创新的评价;指出论文的不足以及进一步完善的方向。敬请关注并提出宝贵建议。     

按份共有人优先购买权制度之适用——《物权法》第101条的解释与完善

我国《物权法》第101条关于按份共有人优先购买权制度的规定过于简约,存在诸多适用上的争议。作为制度分析的起点,应将按份共有人优先购买权的法律性质界定为形成权,从而以避免理论上的缺陷。从解释论的立场出发,可通过民法解释学的方法阐明《物权法》第101条前段的＂转让＂和＂份额＂的含义。在《物权法》第101条相关规定阙如的情形下,应通过比较法和规范意旨之分析,明确按份共有人优先购买权的行使、行使的效力和权利冲突等具体问题。     

论当代的神权政治——伊斯兰原教旨主义

欧洲中世纪确立了以基督教为主体的神权政治思想,伴随着西欧封建社会的瓦解,神权政治体系随之解体。伊斯兰教在自身发展史上也曾确立了神权政治思想,随着20世纪70年代以来伊斯兰原教旨主义运动在世界各地的勃然兴起,神权政治再次引起广泛关注。伊斯兰原教旨主义的兴起应得益于其本身所独有的复古机制,伊斯兰教本身所持有的教条使其产生带有某种必然性,同时,宗教政治化、政治宗教化的传统为伊斯兰原教旨主义提供了政治合法性的根基。     

Clarity,surprises, and further questions in the Article 29 Working Party draft guidance on automated decision-making and profiling

The Article 29 Data Protection Working Party's recent draft guidance on automated decision-making and profiling seeks to clarify European data protection (DP) law's little-used right to prevent automated decision-making, as well as the provisions around profiling more broadly, in the run-up to the General Data Protection Regulation. In this paper, we analyse these new guidelines in the context of recent scholarly debates and technological concerns. They foray into the less-trodden areas of bias and non-discrimination, the significance of advertising, the nature of “solely” automated decisions, impacts upon groups and the inference of special categories of data—at times, appearing more to be making or extending rules than to be interpreting them. At the same time, they provide only partial clarity – and perhaps even some extra confusion – around both the much discussed “right to an explanation” and the apparent prohibition on significant automated decisions concerning children. The Working Party appears to feel less mandated to adjudicate in these conflicts between the recitals and the enacting articles than to explore altogether new avenues. Nevertheless, the directions they choose to explore are particularly important ones for the future governance of machine learning and artificial intelligence in Europe and beyond.