British Understandings of the Sanussiyya Sufi Order’s Jihad against Egypt, 1915–17

Abstract

This article considers the Sanussiyya Sufi order’s 1915–16 jihad on Egypt from a fresh perspective, analysing British understandings about the attack that soldiers and officials fashioned as the conflict progressed. By incorporating aspects of imperial and Islamic history and a focus on British perceptions, the article presents new directions in the study of the war in the Middle East that move beyond the concerns of older military histories. It analyses three key areas of British thinking in relation to this jihad. First, the belief that local fighters joined the campaign as a result of economic factors, chiefly the famine that swept the Western Desert from November 1915 as a result of an Anglo-Italian blockade, and that the order had little support from the local population owing to their policy of requisitioning goods. Second, the important set of perceptions that the Sanussiyya were pressured by the Ottomans to attack the British as part of their overall call for jihad against the Allied powers. Third, the divided nature of British views around the broader threat posed by the order to Egypt and the wider war effort. Finally, it examines the broader religious and ideological context of the Sanussiyya as an organised reformist Sufi order, engaged in a struggle for resistance to and survival against European imperialism—a struggle that collided with the changed strategic landscape of a region rent by conflict between the Ottoman and British empires from November 1914.     

生态理念的方法论意义

生态合理性是体现新的时代精神的方法论,它为人们科学地认识人类自身的价值、人类与世界、与自然的关系提供了新的思维方式和研究方式,在更加深广的视野中拓展了人类的认识能力。用生态学的理念解构现代文明社会的价值观念,按照社会生态的整体观念来构建新的经济、社会和人全面协调发展的模式,才能向着文明、均衡、协调和健康的方向发展。     

Trade, Harmonization, and Domestic Autonomy in Environmental Policy

This article evaluates the environmental criticisms of free trade that have been such an important part of the critique of globalization. The first section briefly surveys the range of criticisms environmentalists have brought against the new economic order. The second section examines the available literature on the race to the bottom, one of the key concerns. The third section analyzes the World Trade Organization trade rules and how they have been interpreted by dispute resolution panels involving environmental issues. The fourth section turns to the specific rules of the North American Free Trade Agreement and examines several case studies of environmental issues in that region. The final section provides a summary evaluation of the environmental criticisms. The article argues that the environmental criticisms are exaggerated. Trade agreements leave far more room for domestic environmental measures than is frequently argued. The political globalization of the environmental movement has helped counter the threat to environmental policy created by the economic and trade aspects of globalization. Environmentalists do need to be careful about how they advance this critique of globalization, however, because their arguments risk becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy.     

WTO与中国实验动物福利保护制度体系的构建

WTO对中国实验动物福利保护法律制度的构建提出了新的要求。中国目前的实验动物福利保护制度虽然存在与WTO规则接轨的众多障碍性因素,但也存在与WTO规则接轨的基本条件。为了进一步促进我国实验动物贸易的自由化和国际化,应借鉴国外的成熟立法经验,构建与WTO规则接轨的符合中国国情的实验动物福利保护制度体系。     

组织理论的权力观述论

依照对权力概念理解上的差异,可把代表性的组织理论分为四种类型,即硬权力的组织观、软权力的组织观、散布性权力的组织观以及反权力的组织观。梳理各观点,有助于了解“管理丛林”时代组织理论的多维性及其面临的某些问题,从而也有助于深化对组织事实的理解。     

科学发展观集中体现了马克思主义关于发展的世界观和方法论

胡锦涛总书记在十七大报告中,对科学发展观的科学内涵、精神实质和根本要求作了全面的阐述,特别是关于科学发展观“是对马克思主义关于发展的世界观和方法论的集中体现”的论断,为我们指出了科学发展观之所以成为我国经济社会发展的重要指导方针和发展中国特色社会主义必须坚持和贯彻的重大战略思想的理论依据。     

坚持立党为公强化宗旨意识

一个共产党员,要理智地、自觉地、有效地实践党的根本宗旨,就必须强化立党为公的宗旨意识,并树立正确的世界观、人生观和价值观。     

有效执行:新时期中国政府公共政策的理性选择

正确的政绩观的核心义涵在于维护法律的尊严,维护中央政府宏观公共政策的权威性.部分国家机关和国家公职人员对法律和国家宏观公共政策的轻视、漠视甚至蔑视,是造成公共政策执行有效性程度偏低的主因.政策执行人员的效忠国家的信念和遵从法律、维护社会正义的坚定性,对于有效执行法律和公共政策至关重要.