论《红玫瑰与白玫瑰》的深层结构

《红玫瑰与白玫瑰》是张爱玲的名篇。利用格雷马斯建立的结构语义学和符号学理论，可以挖掘主体振保与客体娇蕊之间、主体振保与客体烟鹂之间的表层结构和深层结构关系，通过对这两对主线关系的支持者和反对者关系的呈现，可以揭示出传统的性观念、婚姻观念、民族观念对男性选择婚恋对象的影响。主体振保对两个客体娇蕊与烟鹂的取舍，反映出在男性掌控的爱情和婚姻关系中，女性窘困的生存条件、爱情缺失的婚姻境遇以及自我意识的丧失。振保母亲辅助者与反对者的双重角色，也反映了其对传统的意识形态的捍卫。通过对张爱玲价值观念的深层解读，可以看出张爱玲对于振保是抱有同情的，对于娇蕊和烟鹂其态度不同，对娇蕊是潜藏着赞扬的，对于烟鹂则是哀其不争。     

叶挺在南昌的革命活动

叶挺在南昌参与组织和领导了南昌起义,为打响武装反抗国民党反动派的第一枪、确保起义的胜利作出了卓越的贡献;叶挺在南昌组建新四军军部、将红军游击队改编而成的新四军带上抗日最前线起了独特的作用。     

Adoption and Victorian culture

In 1888, evangelical, educator and feminist Constance Maynard adopted Effie Anthon, a six year old girl from a Salvation Army orphanage. Her mother, Rosabianca Fasulo was an unmarried, Italian woman recently “rescued” by the Salvation Army. Maynard anticipated that Effie would one day join her at her college but she met none of the expectations for her. She entered domestic service but fell ill with tuberculosis and died in a workhouse in 1915. This is one particular case history of an adoption when the practice was not yet formalized but small numbers began to adopt children unknown to them. It tentatively opens up the history of adoption in Victorian Britain. It also illuminates some broader questions about family ties, the meanings associated with motherhood, and how the body and character formation were understood.     

Is Justice the Primary Feature of the State? Adam Smith's Critique of Social Contract Theory

In light of the question of whether justice is the differentia specifica of the state, this paper reviews Smith's views on justice and social contract theory. The paper finds that Smith did not regard justice, what supposedly motivates agents to enter into a social contract with the sovereign, as the core of the polity. He rather explicitly criticized social contract theory à la John Locke. Smith argued that the state is not only based on the protection of rights, but is also founded on the principle of authority, which stems from the admiration of high-rank agents who have desirable traits.     

坚持党对军队的绝对领导是中国历史和现实的必然选择

历史证明,不仅西方的民主制度在中国行不通,西方的军事领导制度在中国也行不通。与中国革命的领导权向无产阶级政党转移相适应,建立无产阶级自己的武装力量,实现党对军队的绝对领导,既是中国旧民主主义革命向新民主主义转变的要求,也是中国近代以来军事领导制度发展的必然归宿。中国共产党对军队绝对领导原则的确立,实现了军队由个人掌控向政治组织掌握的历史性飞跃,这是中国军队领导制度的历史性进步,从根本上保证了我军的性质和宗旨,保证了部队的高度集中统一。坚持党对军队的绝对领导,是我国实现社会主义现代化和国家长治久安的重要保证。     

International Organisations and the Evolution of Humanitarianism: Cross-perspectives on the Commonwealth and the European Union

Abstract

As international relations actors in the post-Second World War world, international organisations have played a significant role in the standardisation of global policy concepts during the 20th century, and humanitarian assistance has been no exception. While the study of the role of international organisations in shaping a dominant model of humanitarian aid has recently gathered pace, few historians have focused on different, less successful models and interpretations developed by other international organisations. Recently declassified Commonwealth Secretariat records show that discussions within the Secretariat and among member states regarding the potential objectives and scope of Commonwealth humanitarian assistance programmes took place as early as the 1960s, and continued throughout the following decades. This article provides an overview of the origin and evolution of the Commonwealth’s approach to humanitarian assistance since the 1960s. Its objective is to document this hitherto little known aspect of Commonwealth assistance policies, and, based on an initial literature and archival survey, to contribute to the identification of further research questions and gaps in this aspect of Commonwealth history. Although they are very different in nature and scope, the Commonwealth and the European Union share at least one common feature in so far as humanitarian assistance is concerned, namely their difficulty in reaching a consensual definition of it. By exploring the links and discrepancies between, as well as within, each organisation’s approach to humanitarian assistance, and by examining the initiatives of some of their member states, this paper seeks to highlight the plasticity of the definition of humanitarian assistance.     

我军任人唯贤干部路线的形成及其在战争年代的发展

我军任人唯贤的干部路线是党的任人唯贤干部路线在军队的贯彻和运用。由于斗争环境以及主观认识的局限，军队中任人唯贤干部路线的形成和发展，经历了一个较长的历史过程。在战争年代，由于贯彻任人唯贤的干部路线，我军干部队伍建设取得巨大成绩，为夺取革命战争的最后胜利，为建国初期我军步入现代化正规化建设，为新生的人民政权的建设和巩固，提供了重要的组织保证。     

略论公安现役部队党委决策能力的增强

以科学发展观为指导提高部队党委决策能力要有明确的目标指向：更好地履行维护国家安全和社会稳定，保障人民安居乐业的职责和使命。善于从诸多繁杂的工作任务中，分清主导与从属，普遍与特殊，把共性的原则性要求变为抓工作部署和落实的具体措施。要把部队领导促进发展的能力建设与组织的发展质量的提升紧密地结合起来，通过考察对部队建设的总体目标的落实情况来改进干部任用决策活动。经费预算要做到出之有度，支配经费要做到用之有德。对热点难点问题进行前瞻性研究，运用利益均衡原则进行论证，适时检视实际效果。     

“古田会议”与苏区党的思想建设

“古田会议”召开的目的，主要是为了解决红四军党的建设中存在的问题，特别是党的思想建设方面的问题。针对当时党内各种非无产阶级思想，“古田会议”提出了许多针对性的解决方案。通过这次会议，中国共产党不仅初步将马列主义的建党学说与中国党的建设实践结合起来，而且成功地解决了在半殖民地半封建社会的环境中建设无产阶级先进政党的问题。当然，上述方案对当时苏区的党建工作也有重要的借鉴意义。     

美国外交政策对缅甸缉毒行动的影响

自1974年以来,缅甸就与美国合作反毒。美国政府向缅甸政府提供8 660万美元的援助,从1974年至1988年分14年付清,主要用来训练缅甸反毒官员和购买用于反毒行动的零件和设备。从美国药品服用管理局获悉,缅甸的努力阻止了价值190亿美元的海洛因流入西方特别是美国的街头。尽管1988年以后美国中止了援助,但在没有任何实质性外部援助的情况下,从1988年至1996年问,缅甸仍阻止了价值450亿美元的海洛因流入美国的街头。同时,缅甸国防军围剿了“金三角”坤沙的孟泰军,迫使坤沙无条件投降。在这场反毒战斗中,美国和西方世界不仅不承认和鼓励缅甸的努力,反而实际上通过实施武器禁运,对缅甸的反毒战斗设置了障碍。