中日韩三国人口老龄化比较

中国、日本、韩国的老龄化有很相似的规律性。1950年以来三国老龄化指数上升幅度之大世界少见,其中老年人口高龄化尤为严重。三国人口老龄化主要因为生育率下降,同时伴随死亡率的下降尤其是高年龄人口死亡率的下降。人口严重老龄化导致老年人口负担急骤增加,退休人员数量逐年上升,养老问题日益突出,最终将影响亚洲地区经济持续发展。比较研究表明,中国统筹解决人口问题应将生育控制和老年安全放在＂少子（女）高龄化＂的框架里思考人口发展出路,必须尽早确定＂适度的低生育率＂并在政策和制度上及早安排实现适度低生育率的路径选择,继续完善人口和生育政策并重在行动,推进促进老年发展和保障的公共政策建设。     

Building Community Coalitions with People with Disabilities and Their Families

Summary

This chapter describes the processes believed to affect the performance of regional economies and the mechanisms that might connect these processes to the etiology of behavioral disorder. The initial findings of a major study of these linkages will also be summarized (based on Catalan &; Dooley, 1983; Dooley &; Catalano, 1984a, 1984b). The implications of this literature for economic policy and for the provision of mental health services are also surveyed.     

新时期日本人口老龄化的国际比较研究

日本是当今世界人口老龄化程度最高的国家,通过对日本人口老龄化现状及趋势,日本人口老龄化的决定因素及其人口学影响,日本人口老龄化特点的国际比较研究,详细介绍了日本人口老龄化的发展及特点,为充分了解日本的人口老龄化状况提供了科学翔实的依据。     

A Test of a Recently Devised Method of Estimating Skeletal Age at Death using Features of the Adult Acetabulum

Estimation of age at death from adult skeletal remains is highly problematic, due in great part to interpopulation variability in skeletal age changes. Thorough testing of aging methods is therefore of key importance. A method recently devised by Calce (Am J Phys Anthropol 148 (2012): 11–23) for placing adult skeletons into three broad age at death classes (17–39, 40–64, 65+ years) on the basis of acetabular morphology is tested on a collection of 18–19th century AD skeletons (N = 185) of documented age at death from London. Results showed that 45% were correctly assigned to age class using this method. This compares with 81% reported by Calce on 20th century North American material. This indicates significant interpopulation differences in the relationship between the Calce acetabular variables and age, even between populations of European ancestry. Until the sources of this variation are better understood, caution should be used before applying this method to estimate age in unknown skeletons.     

Quantitative Assessment of the Sternal Rib End Morphology and Implications for Its Application in Aging Human Remains

Intercostal and age differences in the sternal rib end morphology of documented female skeletons from Spitalfields and St. Bride's are examined. The morphology was captured using three‐dimensional morphometrics and the statistical analyses employed included parametric and nonparametric MANOVA, discriminant analysis, and multilinear regressions. It was found that the quantified morphology of the sternal rib end was statistically significantly different between rib four and all other ribs except for the third one and that the morphological characteristics of all ribs varied with age. However, due to the inherent variability in sternal rib end morphology, nonstatistically significant results were obtained among the various age groups and neither disciminant nor multilinear regression analysis could be used for the estimation of the age of an individual based on digitized coordinates of the sternal rib end of individuals of known age, raising some concern as to the rigorousness of the fourth rib aging method.     

纸张被溶液浸泡老化的变化规律研究

目的研究纸张在水及常见溶液中被浸泡老化条件下所发生的变化及规律。方法对纸张分别用纯水、茶水、5%氢氧化钠溶液和5%硫酸溶液进行溶液浸泡老化实验。结果纸张被不同溶液浸泡老化后,和无浸泡条件纸张相比,在表观特征、荧光强度和反射光谱特征等方面均有不同程度的变化。结论此实验结果可为检验可疑文件是否被溶液浸泡老化提供依据。     

比较视野下适老化改造的国际经验与中国路径

适老化改造是当代实现居家养老的前提条件,已成为各国应对人口快速老龄化的基本政策。国内自2013年新《老年人权益保障法》强调建设老年宜居环境以来,各地开始推动老年人生活环境的改善,但由于责任主体不明、操作程序不清等诸多问题,改造成效相对有限。较早步入老龄化的西方发达国家已普遍实施居家适老化改造,建构了一套切实可行的制度体系和服务路径。本文通过比较分析美国、日本、瑞典在不同福利政策下形成的适老化改造实践,总结这些国家的典型做法和先进经验,进而提出我国适老化改造的规范化建议及可行性路径,以解决环境设施和老龄社会要求之间日益凸显的矛盾。     

A model for the aging of fly larvae in forensic entomology

A method is described for determining the time of hatching of blowfly larvae on a corpse with respect to temperature. Temperature is known to have a profound effect on the rate of growth of fly larvae, and it is suggested that past assumptions that the growth of larvae found in a corpse has taken place at one approximated ambient temperature may have led to large overestimates of the development time of the larvae, and thus overestimates of time of death. Larvae of Lucilia cuprina, Calliphora vicina (= erythrocephala), Calliphora stygia and Calliphora hilli were cultured under constant temperatures, and their growth rates modeled with a logistic growth curve. Two programmes have been developed, one to compute the parameters for the logistic equations, the other is used to estimate the time elapsed from the time at which a sample is removed from a body to the estimated hatching time of the larvae comprising the sample, with temperatures and species as variables.     

The Effect of Labor Participation on Depressive Symptoms of the Elderly

Under the background of China's active aging policy, the labor participation of the elderly is encouraged. Whether labor participation is more conducive to inhibit the occurrence of depression symptoms of the elderly and promote their mental health is gradually attracting social attention. Based on the data of China's health and elderly care follow-up survey (CHARLS) in 2015, this paper analyzes the influence of labor participation on depressive inhibition of the elderly. The results show that gender, marital status, education and other demographic and social factors have a statistically significant impact on the depressive symptoms of the elderly. Labor participation has a negative impact on the depressive symptoms of the elderly. Compared with non-labor participation, the level of depressive symptoms of the elderly who engaged in labor participation was lower. Labor participation had a different impact on gender diversity, and the impact of labor participation on depressive symptoms of the female was higher than that of the male. Finally, this paper discusses the influence and difference of labor participation on depressive symptoms of the elderly, and points out the problems for further study in the future.     

STUDY ON MECHANISM OF MOXIBUSTION DELAYING AGING

目的：探讨艾灸延缓衰老的作用机理。方法：应用老龄小鼠模型,采用放免和生化等实验技术,观察灸治“肾俞”穴对其自由基代谢、免疫功能和单胺类神经递质的影响。结果：艾灸能提高老龄小鼠血清和肝组织中的ＳＯＤ 活性、降低ＭＤＡ 水平,改善自由基代谢;能提高胸腺指数、增强脾淋巴细胞增殖反应和免疫功能;提高脑内５ ＨＴ、５ ＨＩＡＡ、ＮＥ、ＤＡ 的含量,调整神经递质水平。上述指标中,艾灸组测值均高于老龄组,差异显著（ Ｐ ＜ ０ ．０１） 。结论：艾灸有延缓衰老的作用,其作用机理与抗氧化、提高免疫力及改善神经内分泌等密切相关。