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311.
我国水污染税构想 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
胡刚 《贵州警官职业学院学报》2001,(2)
在市场经济条件下,必须更多地运用税收手段促进水资源保护和水污染治理,开征水污染税很有必要。我国制定水污染税应遵循“污染者付费”、“专税专用”的原则。 相似文献
312.
All advanced industrialized societies face the problem of air pollution produced by motor vehicles. In spite of striking improvements
in internal combustion engine technology, air pollution in most urban areas is still measured at levels determined to be harmful
to human health. Throughout the 1990s and beyond, California and France both chose to improve air quality by means of technological
innovation, adopting legislation that promoted clean vehicles, prominently among them, electric vehicles (EVs). In California,
policymakers chose a technology-forcing approach, setting ambitious goals (e.g., zero emission vehicles), establishing strict
deadlines and issuing penalties for non-compliance. The policy process in California called for substantial participation
from the public, the media, the academic community and the interest groups affected by the regulation. The automobile and
oil industries bitterly contested the regulation, in public and in the courts. In contrast, in France the policy process was
non-adversarial, with minimal public participation and negligible debate in academic circles. We argue that California's stringent
regulation spurred the development of innovative hybrid and fuel cell vehicles more effectively than the French approach.
However, in spite of the differences, both California and France have been unable to put a substantial number of EVs on the
road. Our comparison offers some broad lessons about how policy developments within a culture influence both the development
of technology and the impact of humans on the environment. 相似文献
313.
通过对美国水污染控制立法近60年来的历史回顾,剖析了美国在水污染控制立法方面的经验教训,提出了对我国水污染防治法的借鉴,以期促进我国水污染防治立法和彻底改善我国严峻的水污染形势. 相似文献
314.
张扬 《黑龙江省政法管理干部学院学报》2007,(1):115-117
在我国,环境污染侵权责任的主要法律依据分散于<民法通则>、环境基本法与单行法之中.此外,民事诉讼法的有关规定也与之密切相关.相对于发达国家环境污染侵权责任制度,其不足之处很明显,了解了我国现有环境污染侵权民事责任制度的不足,就可以针对这些问题采取相应的对策加以健全和完善.完善的主要途径有:删除环境污染侵权以"违法性"为前提之规定、适当拓宽损害赔偿的范围、明确举证责任倒置与因果关系推定规则、细化排除侵害的构成与方式、采取责任保险与损害补偿基金制度、授予受害人的咨询权和责任鉴定请求权、完善行政调解与仲裁制度. 相似文献
315.
Matthew Lockwood 《The Political quarterly》2015,86(1):146-151
Eight years after the launch of the Stern Review of the economics of climate change, a new major report on economic growth and climate change (Better Growth, Better Climate) has been published by a Global Commission on the Economy and Climate, chaired by Nicholas Stern. While this comprehensive review of recent evidence has some overlap with the original Stern Review, it focuses more on the short‐term costs and benefits of action needed to reduce carbon emissions in specific parts of the economy such as cities, energy and agriculture. Perhaps the most noted conclusion of the report is that policies which governments should be pursuing anyway, because they will reduce pollution, improve health, raise productivity and reduce congestion, will cut carbon emission by between 50 and 90 per cent of what is needed to get to a 2°C pathway. This is an important report that will have considerable influence, although it has had lower public visibility than the original Stern Review. However, it also points to the need for a better understanding of the politics of climate policy, and why the opportunities to adopt policies that have multiple long‐term public benefits do not get taken. While Better Growth, Better Climate does have a chapter on the political economy of change, the analysis is limited, and could be deepened by bringing in the growing literature on the politics of climate policy. 相似文献
316.
近年来,水污染犯罪问题日益呈现,然而现行刑法对此问题的规范却极不完善。纵观国外的立法,我国刑法可采用修正案形式规定水污染犯罪的主观罪过、行为犯、危险犯和刑罚等,以弥补在这方面的缺憾。 相似文献
317.
大气污染具有扩散性和不确定性,需要多个部门、多个地区的协调配合。建立有效的协同治理组织成为地方政府大气污染治理的重要工作,并已经形成了多种类型的组织。这一背景下,如何有效识别这些组织的特征是区域治理研究的重要议题。协同组织是通过不同行政隶属关系的正式机构连接而成,具有网络特征的倾向,故以Provan提出的共享型(SG)、领导型(NLO)和行政型(NAO)三种网络治理模式为理论基础,结合Ansell合作治理框架提出识别大气污染协同治理组织结构的模型,并以我国实际组织案例进行验证分析。研究发现,大气污染协同治理组织并非与三种网络治理模式完全对应,故分为联席类、牵头类和支持类三种组织。联席类组织适合于合作基础较好的关联区域,对应具有联合性质的组织;牵头类组织适合于范围中等且成员异质性高的关联区域,对应具有领导、指挥和协调性质的组织;支持类组织适合于规模较大且稳定性要求较高的关联区域,对应具有成员多元化或领导性质的组织。 相似文献
318.
Rijen Shrestha M.D. Jenash Acharya M.D. Arbin Shakya M.D. Jemish Acharya B.D.S. M.P.H. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2019,64(3):824-827
The nature of air disasters includes factors that exacerbate challenges in the identification process. Of the 49 deceased in the US Bangla air crash in Kathmandu, Nepal, four were intact, 11 presented with burn injuries, another 11 presented with partial charring, and 23 were completely charred. Personal belongings were useful in the identification phases for all types of victims. Fingerprints were obtainable and useful in intact victims and victims with less severe burn injuries; medical and surgical information was useful in bodies with burn injuries; finally, dental findings were useful in cases of extensive charring. Other useful methods in the process included marks of identification, physical features, and exclusion. In certain resource‐limited settings, especially in closed population disasters, where scientific identification (DNA, dental records, etc.) is not currently available, personal belongings, clothing, and physical findings analyzed by an identification team using a structured organization may be cautiously used as the primary means of identification. 相似文献
319.
Individuals' risk perceptions shape their attitudes and behaviors, and to the extent that governments respond to public demands, they also influence public policy priorities. Conversely, risk misperceptions—that is, when risk perceptions do not align with realities—may lead to suboptimal behaviors and inefficient public policy. This study investigates the phenomena of environmental risk misperceptions. Specifically, with an original survey that enables a direct comparison of perceived and actual environmental risks at the local level, it examines the relationships between personal attributes and risk misperceptions. The findings show that individuals exhibit optimism bias in assessing local environmental risk. On average, people rank their communities as experiencing less risk from toxic air pollution than objective measures suggest. Moreover, Whites, males, conservatives, and older people tend to have larger optimism bias and have lower chances of possessing correct risk perceptions than their counterparts, respectively, while respondents who are married, poor, who go to church regularly, and have strong pro-environmental orientation, tend to have smaller optimism bias and have higher chances of possessing correct risk perceptions than their respective counterparts. The systematic misperception of local environmental risk underscores the importance of information provision and risk communication, and the sociopolitical correlates of misperception suggest that targeted and more nuanced strategies are required to correct misperceptions. 相似文献