Accidental deaths caused by electricity in Sweden, 1975-2000

This study analyzes accidental fatalities caused by electricity--at work and during leisure time--to evaluate risk factors, the role of alcohol, and to identify possible preventive strategies. In Sweden, data on fatalities by electrocution from 1975 through 2000 were collected from the National Cause-of-Death Register. Additional cases were found in the archives of The Swedish National Electrical Safety Board. Suicides and deaths by lightning were excluded. Two hundred and eighty-five deaths were found, including occupational (n=132), leisure time (n=151), and unknown (n=2). Most deaths were caused by aerial power lines, and the most common place for an electrical injury was a railway area or residential property. Postmortem blood from 20% (n=47) of the tested cases was found positive for alcohol, and these persons were killed mainly during leisure time. During the study period, the overall incidence of electricity-related fatalities has decreased, in spite of increased use of electricity. This indicates that safety improvements have been successful.     

THE APPLICATION AND ROBUSTNESS OF THE RATIONAL CHOICE PERSPECTIVE IN THE STUDY OF INTOXICATED AND ANGRY INTENTIONS TO AGGRESS*

Using a rational choice framework, this study examines the effects of alcohol and anger on violent decision making. Male students of legal drinking age participated in a randomized experiment in which intoxication and anger levels were manipulated. Participants read a “bar fight” scenario and completed a series of questions measuring aggressive intentions and the perceived consequences of violence. Results indicate that alcohol and anger interacted to increase one measure of aggressivity, but the perceived costs and benefits of violence were unaffected. Exploratory analyses call into question the robustness of the rational choice model, suggesting that the perspective may not be the general explanation for crime it is proclaimed to be.     

The Relative Importance of Mothers’ and Youths’ Neighborhood Perceptions for Youth Alcohol Use and Delinquency

Prior studies have examined the influence of neighborhood perceptions on youth outcomes, but few studies have examined whose report of neighborhoods, parents’ or youths,’ are most important in predicting youth outcomes. This study addresses the relative associations of youths’ and mothers’ neighborhood perceptions with youth alcohol use and delinquency. The sample includes 499 mother-child dyads (youth age: 10 to 16 [mean=13.3; SD=2]). Structural equation modeling showed that youths’ perceived neighborhood problems were significantly associated with their delinquency but not their alcohol use. However, mothers’ perceived neighborhood problems were not related to either youth alcohol use or delinquency, suggesting that youths’ perceptions are better indicators of youth behavior. Youth reports may reflect their activities in the neighborhood and their exposure to different forms of deviance, so youths’ reports would be better indicators of exposure to neighborhood risk. Challenges for prevention are discussed. NIAAA Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate Research Scientist at the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, and the Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA. Her research interests include psychosocial and environmental factors influencing youth problem behaviors. Interests are interventions for children with substance use or externalizing problems and their families. She is currently conducting alcohol, drug and other risky behavior prevention studies that include a focus on young adults in club settings as well as a variety of different family-based studies in different geographic regions (San Francisco Bay Area, Alaska, Thailand). Her work integrates both quantitative and qualitative research methods and centers on alcohol and other drug use, and related health issues among adolescents and young adults. She is especially interested in applying theoretical models of socially learned behaviors to populations with different cultural and social backgrounds     

The contemporary transformation of american youth: An analysis of change in the prevalence of delinquency, 1991–2015

Youth involvement in crime has declined substantially over the past few decades, yet the reasons for this trend remain unclear. We advance the literature by examining the role of several potentially important shifts in individual attitudes and behaviors that may help to account for the observed temporal variation in youth delinquency. Our multilevel analysis of repeated cross‐sectional data from eighth and tenth grade students in the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study indicates that changes in youth offending prevalence were not associated with changes in youth attachment and commitment to school, community involvement, or parental supervision after school. In contrast, the study provides suggestive evidence that the significant reduction in youth offending prevalence observed since the early 1990s was significantly associated with a decrease in unstructured socializing and alcohol consumption and, to a lesser extent, with a decrease in youth preferences for risky activities. Implications for existing theoretical explanations and future research on youth crime trends are discussed.     

Neoliberalism and the alcohol industry in Ireland

This paper sheds light on the development of the Irish alcohol industry and its regulation since the 1980s by situating it within the politico-economic context of neoliberalism at the national, European and global scales. First, a conceptualisation of neoliberalism is presented and the alcohol industry is related to it. Second, the connections between neoliberalism, the drinks industry and alcohol legislation are explained and illustrated at the three spatial scales mentioned above, emphasising the following components of neoliberalism: deregulation, liberalisation, commodification, free trade agreements and transnational capital flows. The paper provides a theoretical template for future research.     

驾驶员酒后血液酒精含量与时间关系研究

目的研究驾驶员少量饮酒后体内酒精含量与时间的变化关系。方法利用呼吸式测酒器对驾驶员酒后30min以后血液酒精含量进行测量,每隔20-30min测量一次,绘出血液酒精含量与时间的关系曲线。结果血液酒精含量与时间的变化关系基本为线性关系,拟合曲线斜率略有差异。结论对于喝1瓶啤酒的情况,酒后30-60min内都降到20mg/100ml以下,可为驾驶员掌握酒后开车时间和交警执法检查提供数据参考。     

桑黄正丁醇提取物对白念珠菌生物膜形成的抑制作用

目的 探讨桑黄正丁醇提取物（butyl alcohol extract of Phellinus igniarius decoction,BAEP）体外对白念珠菌（Candida albicans）标准株SC5314生物膜形成的影响。 方法 采用二倍稀释法测定BAEP对白念珠菌的最低抑菌浓度（minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC）和抑制50%生物膜形成的最低浓度(sessile minimal inhibitory concentration,SMIC50);采用XTT还原法测定BAEP对白念珠菌生物膜代谢的影响;固体培养基上观察BAEP对白念珠菌菌落形态的影响;倒置显微镜与荧光显微镜下分别观察BAEP对白念珠菌生物膜形态与活性的影响;扫描电镜下观察BAEP对白念珠菌生物膜形态结构的影响;实时荧光定量PCR（quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR）检测生物膜相关基因ALS1和HWP1的转录水平变化。结果 BAEP对白念珠菌生物膜的SMIC50为1 024 μg/mL;菌落形态实验观察结果显示,1 024 μg/mL BAEP可影响白念珠菌菌落;倒置显微镜、荧光显微镜下显示1 024 μg/mL BAEP可抑制白念珠菌生物膜的形态和活性;扫描电镜下显示1 024 μg/mL BAEP对白念珠菌生物膜有明显的抑制作用;qRT-PCR检测结果显示BAEP可明显下调HWP1的表达水平和上调ALS1基因的表达水平。结论 BAEP对白念珠菌SC5314生物膜的形成有一定的抑制作用。     

高效液相色谱法测定不同加工工艺天麻中天麻素和天麻苷元含

目的 建立高效液相色谱法同时测定天麻中天麻素及天麻苷元含量的方法,优选不同产地的天麻加工工艺。方法 采用高效液相色谱法测定天麻素和天麻苷元含量,色谱柱为Spursil C18-EP（250 mm×4.6 mm）,流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸水（5∶95）,检测波长220 nm,柱温40 ℃,流速1 mL/min。结果 隔水蒸30 min、清水煮15 min、0.2%矾水煮15 min、煮后直接切片是4种较佳的加工工艺,所制得的天麻饮片中天麻素和天麻苷元含量依次降低。结论 隔水蒸30 min所制得的天麻饮片中天麻素及天麻苷元含量最高,优于其他处理方法。     

血中酒精浓度的回推算研究

目的研究血中酒精浓度值（BAC值）的推算关系。方法对327位自愿受试者饮酒后测定其血中酒精时浓曲线进行分析,计算血中酒精清除率。结果血中酒精消除呈线性,327例血液中酒精消除线性相关系数为0.985±0.019,最小绝对值为0.98,最大绝对值1.000,消除斜率绝对值平均为（0.136±0.037）mg/mL/h,最小绝对值为0.075mg/mL/h,最大绝对值0.266mg/mL/h。结论血液中酒精浓度的推算可根据线性消除关系回推,血液中酒精浓度按照每小时下降0.10mg进行回推算。     

Testing Antemortem Blood for Ethanol Concentration from a Blood Kit in a Refrigerator Fire

The stability of ethanol in antemortem blood stored under various conditions has been widely studied. Antemortem blood samples stored at refrigerated temperature, at room temperature, and at elevated temperatures tend to decrease in ethanol concentration with storage. It appears that the stability of ethanol in blood exposed to temperatures greater than 38°C has not been evaluated. The case presented here involves comparison of breath test results with subsequent analysis of blood drawn at the time of breath testing. However, the blood tubes were in a refrigerator fire followed by refrigerated storage for 5 months prior to analysis by headspace gas chromatography. The subject’s breath was tested twice using an Intoxilyzer 8000. The subject’s blood was tested in duplicate using an Agilent headspace gas chromatograph. The measured breath ethanol concentration was 0.103 g/210 L and 0.092 g/210 L. The measured blood ethanol concentration was 0.0932 g/dL for both samples analyzed. Although the mean blood test result was slightly lower than the mean breath test result, the mean breath test result was within the estimated uncertainty of the mean blood test result. Even under the extreme conditions of the blood kit being in a refrigerator fire, the measured blood ethanol content agreed well with the paired breath ethanol test.