Characterization of the Products Formed by the Reaction of Trichlorocyanuric Acid with 2-Propanol

Abstract:  We report a recent investigation into the death of a cat that was initially thought to involve intentionally burning the animal via the use of an ignitable liquid. The exposure of the animal to flame was ruled out. Instead, forensic investigation revealed the intentional mixing together of a common outdoor swimming pool chlorinator, trichlorocyanuric acid (TCCA), and 2-propanol (aka, isopropyl alcohol or rubbing alcohol). The reaction of these two chemicals resulted in the formation of cyanuric acid residue, hydrochloric acid, and the evolution of a significant volume of chlorine gas. Further α-chlorination side reactions also occurred between 2-propanol and TCCA to produce a variety of chlorinated 2-propanone species that were detected on the submitted evidence. The identification of the products of both the main reaction and the side reactions allowed the authors to determine what chemicals were originally mixed together by the culprit.     

Sport,Alcohol and Women: An Emerging Research Agenda

ABSTRACT

This article describes an emerging research agenda for defining the relationship between women, sport and alcohol as a feminist issue. Characterised as a “holy trinity”, the relationship between sport, drinking, particularly heavy drinking, and masculinity remains a popular orthodoxy. While not disputing the enduring and influential symbolic, economic, political and cultural power relations between men, sport and alcohol, the article argues that our proclivity towards framing drinking and sport through the lens of “hegemonic masculinity” gives rise to a theoretical and empirical silence when it comes to research on women, sport and alcohol in the Australian context and beyond. We interrogate four key interrelated research problems for feminist scholars of sport: i) the framing of sport-related drinking as hegemonic masculinity; ii) the need for new theoretical/conceptual/analytical frameworks that have emerged from the framing of women’s relationship to alcohol as invariably problematic; iii) a recognition that sport-related drinking for women is as pleasurable and problematic as it is for men; and iv) the relationship between sport and alcohol relative to a growing emphasis on cultural and gender diversity in Australian sport.     

New media and old stereotypes. Images and discourses about drunk women and men on YouTube

Female alcohol consumption has long been judged more harshly than male behaviour of the same nature. Scholars have shown that traditional mass media contribute to strengthening these stereotypes. The hypothesis of the present study is that new media, especially Web 2.0 environments, provide room for rewriting gender roles in relation to alcohol. To test this hypothesis, 2000 videos were retrieved on YouTube using a list of Italian keywords relating to drunkenness. The 142 most frequently viewed clips were then analysed through a multilayer visual ethnography method. It was found that representations of drinking practices on YouTube seem to reflect the conventional double standard. Female drinking is mainly interpreted as a sign of sexual willingness, and is strongly stigmatised. In most cases, moreover, women themselves actively contributed to creating the sexual meaning, both as video protagonists and as commenters. Analysed materials seem to show that even in a user-generated content medium such as YouTube, old gender stereotypes about drinking fail to be deconstructed. Conversely, the images and discourses that were analysed reinforce these stereotypes, reproducing the messages conveyed by mainstream media in an even more explicit and risky manner.     

Volatile and Violent Relationships Among Women Sentenced for Homicide in Sweden Between 1986 and 2005

Data from Swedish court judgments of all 124 women convicted of homicide during 20 years was analyzed. The typical pattern was an abused woman who kills her intimate partner at home with a knife, often with alcohol involved. A subsample (n = 66) was analyzed qualitatively, with a focus on intimate partner relationships. The findings indicate that female homicides usually take place after a long progression of violence and reflect women’s subordinate gendered position. Situational triggers finally lead up to the killing event. Gender equality and the so-called woman-friendly welfare state in Sweden do not appear to reduce women’s volatility in violent relationships.     

潜血手印四甲基联苯胺显现法的改进

对四甲基联苯胺显现潜血手印在实际工作中遇到的不足进行了优化,结合案例,运用比较的方法说明优化前后显现效果的不同。     

酒后驾车血液呼气中乙醇检测方法评价

回顾了乙醇中毒检测的一些重要事件和发展趋势,对此领域内的一些先驱及其主要贡献略加介绍,并对血-气乙醇检测方法的原理、优缺点作了说明。血液检测方法包括湿化学方法、酶法、气相色谱法,呼气检测方法包括湿化学方法、电化学方法、气相色谱法和红外光谱法。欧洲血液检测方法进行地比较早,且较深入,北美则对呼气检测方法有比较透彻的研究。     

片仔癀对乙醇代谢的影响

目的研究片仔癀的解酒作用。方法将48只SD雄性大鼠随机分为正常对照组,模型组,片仔癀高、中、低剂量组,海王金樽对照组,每组8只。乙醇灌胃前0.5h,分别给予海王金樽300mg/kg,片仔癀组360、180、90mg/kg灌胃,正常对照组和模型组分别给予等容积生理盐水,乙醇灌胃后0.5、1、2、3、5h分别采用顶空气质联用仪测定血液乙醇含量。结果乙醇灌胃1h后,各组血中乙醇浓度达到峰值,5h后乙醇浓度降至最低值;片仔癀可明显降低血液中乙醇浓度,呈现明显的量效关系,以片仔癀低剂量的作用最优;低、中、高剂量片仔癀降低血中乙醇浓度的效应均明显优于海王金樽。结论片仔癀有促进乙醇代谢的作用。     

白头翁汤正丁醇提取物对白念珠菌作用下Caco- 2细胞中细胞因子、防御素及Toll样受体表达的影响

目的 从细胞因子、人β- 防御素（human beta defensin,HBD）及Toll样受体（toll- like receptors,TLRs）途径探究白头翁汤正丁醇提取物（butyl alcohol extract of Baitouweng Decoction,BAEB）抗白念珠菌的机制。方法 以Caco- 2细胞为实验模型,先以BAEB作用Caco- 2细胞24 h,再加入热灭活的白念珠菌SC5314孢子(Candida albicans,C.A)共培养24 h,以MTT法测定Caco- 2细胞存活率;采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测Caco- 2细胞上清液白细胞介素- 6（interleukin- 6, IL- 6）、IL- 8、IL- 1β、HBD- 2、HBD- 3水平;采用普通PCR法检测Caco- 2细胞TLR1、TLR2、TLR4、TLR5 mRNA的表达水平。结果 与对照组比较,C.A单独作用的Caco- 2细胞中IL- 6、IL- 8、IL- 1β、HBD- 2、HBD- 3表达水平显著升高（P<0.05）,TLR1、TLR2、TLR4、TLR5 mRNA表达水平显著上调（P<0.05）;与C.A单独作用相比,BAEB预保护Caco- 2细胞后,Caco- 2细胞中IL- 6、IL- 8、IL- 1β及HBD- 2、HBD- 3表达水平明显降低（P<0.05）,TLR1、TLR2、TLR4、TLR5 mRNA表达水平也显著下调（P<0.05）,BAEB高剂量的效应最明显。结论 BAEB抗白念珠菌的机制与下调细胞因子、HBD及TLRs表达有关。     

ASSESSING SUBSTANCE ABUSE QUESTIONS IN CHILD CUSTODY EVALUATIONS

Substance use is rampant in contemporary society, but little attention has been paid to it in the context of child custody evaluations (CCEs). This article provides concrete suggestions for integrating issues about substance abuse into a more overarching CCE and discusses specific assessment strategies.     

运用神经行为测试系统评价酒后行为功能的可行性研究

目的研究运用神经行为测试系统评价酒后行为功能的可行性。方法采用汉化第三版计算机化神经行为评价系统(NES-C3),通过自身对照的方式,对49名饮酒者进行神经行为功能的测试,并与步行回转试验进行比较。结果心算、视觉保留、线条判断和数字筛选均在酒后0.5￣2.5h的时间点上能力指数有所下降,视简单反应时能力指数下降则延续至酒后5.5h;步行回转在酒后0.5￣2.5h间有阳性案例。血中酒精质量浓度在0.50mg/mL以上,视觉保留、线条判断及视简单反应时的能力指数有明显下降;血中酒精质量浓度在0.80mg/mL以上,心算和数字筛选的能力指数有明显下降。步行回转实验的阳性人数在血中酒精质量浓度0.50mg/mL以上有明显增加。结论计算机化神经行为评价系统作为一个定量指标,可反应酒精质量浓度与神经行为功能的关系,且比步行回转试验更客观、更灵敏。