Increased hematocrit after applications of conducted energy weapons (including TASER(®) devices) to Sus scrofa

Conducted energy weapons (CEWs) are used by law enforcement personnel to incapacitate individuals quickly and effectively, without intending to cause lethality. CEWs have been deployed for relatively long or repeated exposures in some cases. In laboratory animal models, central venous hematocrit has increased significantly after CEW exposure. Even limited applications (e.g., three 5-sec applications) resulted in statistically significant increases in hematocrit. Preexposure hematocrit was significantly higher in nonsurvivors versus survivors after more extreme CEW applications. The purpose of this technical note is to address specific questions that may be generated when examining these results. Comparisons among results of CEW applications, other electrical muscle stimulation, and exercise/voluntary muscle contraction are included. The anesthetized swine appears to be an acceptable animal model for studying changes in hematocrit and associated red blood cell changes. Potential detrimental effects of increased hematocrit, and considerations during law enforcement use, are discussed.     

Preliminary Study on Diffuse Axonal Injury by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Histopathology Imaging

The objective of this study was to evaluate the application of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for detecting diffuse axonal injury (DAI) in a mouse model. Brain tissues from DAI mouse model were prepared with H&E, silver, and β‐amyloid precursor protein (β–APP) immunohistochemistry stains and were also studied with FTIR. The infrared spectrum images showed high absorption of amide II in the subcortical white matter of the experimental mouse brain, while there was no obvious expression of amide II in the control mouse brain. The areas with high absorption of amide II were in the same distribution as the DAI region confirmed by the silver and β‐APP studies. The result suggests that high absorption of amide II correlates with axonal injury. The use of FTIR imaging allows the biochemical changes associated with DAI pathologies to be detected in the tissues, thus providing an important adjunct method to the current conventional pathological diagnostic techniques.     

A Molecular Method to Correlate Bloodstains with Wound Site for Crime Scene Reconstruction

Bloodstain pattern analysis to determine the wound‐of‐origin of bloodstains is problematic with nonspecific patterns. In this proof‐of‐concept study, the authors examined a molecular approach to correlate bloodstains with injuries using the rat as a model. Specifically, investigations were conducted on the rat brain marker, rno‐miR‐124‐3p, with the QIAGEN miScript System and real‐time PCR analysis. Rno‐miR‐124‐3p was detected in brain homogenates diluted 100,000 times; in 3‐week‐old, room temperature stored, simulated brain–blood stains; and in bloodstains from head gunshot wounds collected with swabs and subsequently frozen for 9–18 months; however, rno‐miR‐124‐3p was not detected in whole blood. Proof‐of‐principle was demonstrated by the ability to distinguish bloodstains from a gunshot wound to the head versus bloodstains from a gunshot wound to the chest, by the testing of otherwise identical bloodstains from the two patterns for the presence of the marker. The results suggest a viable approach to a longstanding problem in casework.     

社会管理创新与有限政府的权力规制

在社会管理过程中,政府常以“创新”为由,突破宪法与法律约束,不断地扩充自己的权力。因此,社会管理创新需要通过政府与市场分权、强化社会组织自治功能、建设法治政府与健全基本权利法律体系等路径,对有限政府的权力进行规制。     

论《论语》核心词“仁”的英译研究

《论语》是中华民族传统文化的瑰宝,其中核心词精简却含义丰富,特别是"仁"作为孔子思想的核心,是《论语》的精髓。论语的主要英文翻译者利阿瑟·韦利、辜鸿铭等人,从各自的翻译角度,采用不同的翻译策略,对"仁"进行了不同风格的翻译。今天推动和发展《论语》核心词汇的精确翻译,旨在更精确地传播中华文化,使之走向世界。     

Urban Irregular Warfare and Violence Against Civilians: Evidence From a Colombian City

Defining terrorism and explaining how it occurs remains a contentious issue. This article attempts to generate new understandings on these topics by applying the work of Ehud Sprinzak's delegitimatization model to the Sea Shepherds. Evidence presented in the article suggests that the Sea Shepherd's present level of political violence passed through gradual phases. In this respect, it is possible to suggest that Sprinzak's model has applicability for maritime organizations, as well as terrestrial based groups. However, we also note that on the one hand, it may be possible to argue that in some respects the Sea Shepherds may constitute either a “blind spot” in the literature on terrorism and political violence, because its actions could in some circumstances be considered activism, militant direct action, piracy, vigilantism, terrorism, or eco-defense, which makes it very difficult to classify. On the other hand, that both the Sea Shepherds and the whalers may both engage in illegal activities, but are not prosecuted, may indicate that states and the international community may have neither the will nor the means to enforce laws against them. Therefore, they may be turning a blind eye to their actions. Throughout the article we maintain that the Sea Shepherds constitute an example of a gray area phenomenon. Despite the ambiguity surrounding their legal status and academic interpretations of their actions, the results of nearly three decades of the organization's activities, including its 2007 campaign to disrupt Japanese Antarctic Whaling, suggest that the Sea Shepherds may be best categorized as a vigilante group, because they claim they are seeking to enforce a legal status quo because of states' and the international community's inabilities or unwillingness to do so.     

高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射法分析人和动物油脂种属

目的采用反相高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射方法分析人和动物油脂种属。方法采集人体和7种动物(猪、牛、羊、鸡、鸭、鹅、鱼)油脂,丙酮溶解后直接进样分析,色谱柱为C18反相柱,流动相为二氯甲烷-乙腈(30∶70 V/V),流速1.0mL/min,蒸发光散射检测器进行检测。结果采用本文方法检测POSt、MMP、StPSt、OPO 4种甘油三酯组分分离效果良好;用于油脂分析,其主要组分高级脂肪酸三甘酯均得到了有效分离,色谱峰的保留时间和相对峰面积比的重现性好;与动物油脂比较,人体油脂具有独特的色谱特征;动物之间色谱特征也有差异。结论采用本文高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射法检测油脂,可根据人体油脂与动物油脂色谱特征的差异为油脂种属鉴定提供依据。     

Adult-perpetrated animal abuse: development of a proclivity scale

There is a clear discrepancy in the reporting of animal cruelty complaints, prosecutions, and convictions suggesting that any prevalence figures of abuse are significant under-representations. Therefore, it can be inferred that there is a large number of animal abusers who are unapprehended. Currently there is no validated tool that assesses the proclivity or propensity to engage in animal abuse amongst members of the general public. Such a tool would enable researchers to study individuals who may think like animal abusers or may be unapprehended offenders themselves. This paper presents the newly developed Animal Abuse Proclivity Scale (AAPS) and some preliminary findings. The results from our two studies show that: (1) the psychometric properties of the AAPS indicate that the scale is a highly reliable measure; (2) the AAPS relates to measures assessing offence-supportive attitudes and reflects the gender differences seen in the literature; and (3) the AAPS demonstrates cross-national validity. These findings support that the AAPS, similar to other offending proclivity measures, is a tool that can be used to examine the factors most related to animal abuse propensity. We discuss how the AAPS can contribute to future developments in theory and practice in the field.     

我国农村公共产品供给机制优化研究

农村公共产品供给机制是否健全,直接关系到社会全面进步及社会主义新农村建设。中华人民共和国成立以来,我国农村公共产品供给取得了巨大成就,尤其是教育、医疗、就业、社会保障等与民生关系紧密的供给体制机制得到优化。不过在供给机制方面仍存在一定的缺陷,这对我国农业、农村以及农民发展是非常不利的。从农村群众利益出发,加大农村公共产品供给力度,让大家共享改革发展成果,对于提升政府公信力、构建和谐社会意义重大。必须不断推进机制创新,优化新形势下农村公共产品供给现状。     

浅谈文学作品中语言的视觉色彩美

物体作用于人的视觉，主要取决于物体的形状和色彩。文学家要再现生活，就离不开色彩词的运用。色彩词具有丰富的文学描写功能，其产生的视觉色彩美，增强了文学作品的审美价值，使文学作品充满撼人心魄的艺术魅力。