Rebel Behavior in the Context of Interstate Competition: Exploring Day-to-Day Patterns of Political Violence in Africa

This study develops a day-to-day theory of political violence that predicts that rebels respond strategically to the onset of interstate conflict that is directly related to a civil war. Government-initiated interstate conflict is theorized to incentivize rebels to signal their resolve, willingness to bear costs, and vulnerability of government forces. In addition, this form of interstate conflict is predicted to decrease violence against civilian populations, as it makes it more likely that rebels will need to rely on civilians for resources in the future. This is contrary to interstate conflict initiated by an external state, as this signal of third-party support makes civilian support more dispensable from the perspective of a rebel movement. Using a country-day data set constructed from event data, evidence is presented that is consistent with this theoretical logic. Interstate conflict, therefore, is shown to play a significant role in explaining the variation of violent events that occur on a day-to-day basis during a civil conflict.     

Sisters in Terrorism? Exploding Stereotypes

New Terrorism is increasingly deploying women in the field as combatants. Female suicide bombers have proven to be highly effective, precisely because of the persistence of gender stereotypes in target societies. Women terrorists convey a powerful message of political seriousness, heighten the sense of intimidation and threat, and attract greater mass media attention—all key strategic objectives of New Terrorism. Gender stereotypes are also at work in explanations for women's recourse to terrorist activism. Such stereotypes simplify complex motivations and either overvalue or undervalue women's agency. The net result of this stereotyping is that women end up worse off individually and collectively, domestically and internationally. The lives of women in geopolitical hotspots have become more precarious, and the valorization of women terrorists undermines the quest for women's emancipation in fundamentalist cultures. In Western democracies, paternalistic outrage at women's subordination under fundamentalist regimes may have initially served as a dubious justification for military and other interventions, but the involvement of women in terrorist activism now risks reinforcing an even more dangerous “clash of civilizations” thinking. One effect is to undermine the demands for greater gender equality in Western democracies as well as indirectly support the war on women political agenda domestically.     

论南唐与吴越的战争及其对南唐失国的影响

从战略高度重新审视南唐与吴越之间的战争 ,吴越始终扮演着中原盟友的角色 ,在南唐失国的过程中发挥了牵制、削弱和落井下石的作用。无锡之战后 ,杨吴失却了日后发展的战略基础 ;伐闽之战中吴越驰援福州 ,使南唐从此步入衰降的轨道 ;北周与南唐交兵 ,吴越协同进击 ,使南唐分兵作战 ,损失惨重 ;最后 ,吴越又与宋结盟 ,出兵会攻金陵 ,直接导致了南唐亡国。     

Establishing Universal Human Rights through War Crimes Trials and the Need for Cosmopolitan Law in an Age of Diversity

This article explores the practical and philosophical issues associated with bringing diverse moral conceptions into the judgments of international crimes. It is argued that a Habermasian view of cosmopolitan law provides a possibility for envisioning the way international courts can contribute to a universal morality across culturally disparate human rights conceptions. It is also argued that the most universally acceptable human rights conceptions reflect a convergence of procedures and substance. The author explores the treatment of rape in international war crimes tribunals in order to demonstrate how these judgments advance a more universally-acceptable human rights conceptions. Barbara Korth Faculty of Education. Indiana University 201 North Rose Ave Bloomington IN 47405, USA.     

徐悲鸿在桂林(上)

从上世纪三十年代中期起到抗日战争期间,徐悲鸿曾经六次来到桂林,前后流寓两年左右.在此期间,他以极大的爱国热情和杰出的艺术才华,描绘秀美无比的桂林山水,投身桂林抗战文化城的各种美术和救亡活动,留下许多佳话.     

论新中国对日本战犯的审理

新中国对日本战犯的审理,是抗日战争胜利后轰动世界的一件大事。中国政府把审理与改造有机地结合起来,在侦察、核准日本战犯犯罪事实的同时,启迪了日本战犯的思想认识,促使他们发生了根本的转变,为审理打下了良好的基础。在审理日本战犯的过程中,中国政府贯穿了公正、严肃和法制的精神,宽大处理日本战犯,使新中国对日本战犯的审理取得了巨大的成功。通过审理,既揭露了日本侵略者在中国伤天害理的滔天罪行,伸张了人类正义;又把一些战争罪犯改造成为坚决反对战争、力主中日友好的骨干力量;同时把新中国竭诚和平和革命人道主义的精神传播到了全世界。     

统一战线与“海西春雨行动”

统一战线赋予"海西春雨行动"以社会协调、服务、沟通、凝聚的特性.这一行动是符合党的十六届六中全会精神的统战实践的一部分.民主党派要在这一行动中为建设社会主义和谐社会夯实基础,营造良好环境,体现党派组织进步性,推进社会各方面改革,增强中华民族素质.     

迎接纳米科技革命的挑战

纳米科技是在纳米尺度上研究物质的特性以及利用这些特性的多学科的科学与技术。它的创立和发展对实现生产方式的飞跃、改变人们的观念和思维方式、改变人类的生活,都将产生深远的影响。纳米科技的开发和应用为我国提供了一个千载难逢的大好时机,应及早确定国家层次上的纳米技术发展战略,坚持有所为有所不为的原则,在合理布局、加大投入的基础上实现跨跃式发展,迎接纳米科技革命的挑战。     

恐怖主义即是战争：军事历史上的教训

恐怖主义是战争的一种形式,只有动用武装力量才能将其彻底铲除。恐怖活动作为一种军事战术,其目的是杀死敌方战士,降低公民的道德标准。为了打击恐怖主义,美国武装力量应对支持全球恐怖主义国家的军事盟友实施攻击,主要针对军事目标,不能伤及平民。美国武装力量也可以采用小股部队突袭的方式,深入敌方国家,对敌方领导人实施抓捕或处死。     

冷战初期苏联的对外战略评析

从二战结束的1945年到1947年的两年间,由于大国关系、国际政治环境发生了重大变化,苏联的对外战略随之进行调整,即从"积极防御战略"向有限扩张战略转变。这种战略转变加剧了美苏的权力竞争和利益争夺。