论戈尔什科夫的国家海上威力论及其现实意义——以海权理论为视角

苏联戈尔什科夫的国家海上威力论是海权理论在冷战期间发展的一个高峰。国家海上威力论认为大洋对人类生活具有非常重要的意义,国家有必要发展自己的海上威力。国家海上威力由海军、运输船队、捕鱼船队、科学考察船队等组成。海军的主要任务是对海作战和对陆打击等等。苏联红海军在国家海上威力论的指导下成为足以与美国海军相抗衡的强大海上武装力量。然而,国家海上威力论存在的缺陷与不足也给苏联的海权发展和海军建设带来了严重的后果,值得海权领域的学者深思。     

优化农村治安控制模式之方略

改革开放后的农村犯罪比重剧降和犯罪率仍远低于城市等不过是犯罪统计的技术性因素所造成的假象。实际上,农村实有人口犯罪率的增速和治安局势的严峻程度都甚于城市。究其原因,主要是社会转型期农村地区的治安群防措施处于基本无法组织或失效状态,其治安生态系统更为脆弱,更需用强化打击违法犯罪之力度的方式来维护平衡。但有关方面却未能及时调整思路,没有把打击违法犯罪放在更为重要的位置。因此,要优化农村治安控制模式,制止农村治安不断恶化的趋势,就必须在大力促进政策预防和提升家庭、个人预防的质量和水平的同时,增加打击犯罪、查处违法的警力,实施“均衡打击”策略。     

从印度袭击事件看印度的警卫工作

近年来,印度政要屡遭暗杀,要害部门不断受到袭击。2001年12月13日,印度议会大厦受到恐怖分子的袭击,成为美国“9·11”事件后世界发生的又一次严重恐怖袭击事件。透视这次袭击事件,可以看出,印度在警卫方面存在着许多漏洞。     

铁路行车影响下形成头部道碴创的特点与鉴别

目的总结铁路行车影响下形成的头部道碴创之形态特点,探索其与一般头部钝器打击创的鉴别方法。方法对1994～2008年间怀化、长沙铁路公安处管辖内发生的因铁路行车的影响形成了头部道碴创的损伤案例从创的分布特点、创角的锐利程度、创缘的挫伤、创壁的光滑程度、创的深度、颅骨的损伤特点等方面进行分析,并与常见棍棒、锤类、石头等钝器打击头部形成的创相比较。结果与打击时受害者处于相对静止状态不同,铁路行车影响下人体头部所形成的道碴创是在头部处于运动中形成;两者由于致伤机理不同,导致头部创呈现不同的特征。结论铁路行车影响下形成的头部道碴创具有独特的特征,可与头部钝器打击创鉴别。     

《刑法》第239条第2款的适用——兼谈绑架罪的立法完善

《刑法》第239条第2款将致使被绑架人死亡与杀害被绑架人并列规定,且配置了同样的绝对法定刑,导致条文本身存在过失与故意同等处罚的罪刑不相适应的内在冲突。未来应对该款加以修改,区分过失致使被绑架人死亡、故意伤害致使被绑架人死亡和杀害被绑架人三种情况,并设置轻重有序的法定刑。绑架过程中,因警方的打击错误致使被绑架人死亡的,应当认定为绑架犯杀害被绑架人。     

A case of a fatal Himalayan black bear attack in the zoo

We present a case of a 22-year-old male, who was found inside the cage of Himalayan black bears in the Belgrade Zoo. The victim attended the Belgrade Beer festival the previous night, drinking a lot of beer and acting aggressively. A medico-legal autopsy was performed at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Belgrade. Autopsy findings showed numerous excoriations all over the body surrounded by bruises, as well as spindle-shaped, oval, and partly irregular wounds of variable size, large defects of skin and subcutaneous soft tissue, fractures of the thyroid and cricoid cartilage, and fracture of ribs. Postmortem toxicological analysis revealed the presence of ethanol in vitreous humor and urine and 11-nor Δ9 tetrahydrocannabinolic acid found in the urine. We discussed similar cases from the available literature in different regions of the world. In conclusion, we pointed out that the presented case does not follow the general pattern of Himalayan bear attacks.     

试析20世纪70年代中越关系剧变原因之苏联因素

20世纪70年代中越关系的变化出人意料,两国在短短的十年时间就从肝胆相照的兄弟变为不共戴天的敌人,促成这一剧变的诸多因素中,苏联因素不容忽视。苏联对第三世界政策的调整,导致其对越南政策的变化,在越南问题上由超然的脱身态度变为积极援助,中苏两国关于援越问题产生矛盾,越南出于自身国家利益考虑,推行有利于自身的倾向性政策,越南在中苏两国关系的天平上倒向了苏联一边。与此同时,苏联调整对社会主义阵营的政策,中苏关系破裂,从而影响中美关系走向,中美和解对中越关系产生诸多负面影响,两国关系交恶,矛盾冲突愈演愈烈,不断升级,最终导致中越处于全面紧张和严重对立状态,两国关系产生戏剧性变化。总之,苏联的全球性进攻战略政策对此期中越关系影响深远。     

Sequential angulation,spatial dispersion and consistency of distance attack patterns from home in serial murder,rape and burglary

Abstract

Three related measures of spatial movement (sequential angulation, spatial dispersion and consistency of distance in attack target) were compared across three serial offence types: serial homicide (n=35), serial rape (n=41) and serial burglary (n=30). In each case, each offender had committed at least five offences. “Spatial dispersion”, defined as the extent to which an offender distributes his offences across either a focused or relatively more evenly distributed area, revealed that burglary was less evenly distributed (i.e. more focused) than rape and murder. “Sequential angulation”, defined as the degree of rotational movement around the home of the offender from one offence to the next, revealed that serial murderers have higher angulation scores than do rapists who, in turn, have higher angulation scores than burglars. Lastly, a comparison of the offender's consistency in the relative distance travelled from home to each attack site (“consistency of distance in attack target”) was relatively similar across the three groups. This was despite the comparison of different serial offence types from disparate geographical areas. The supposition that differences in dispersion and sequential angulation scores across crime types are related to the perceived risk of the crime has been confirmed. The specificity and the mobility of the targets are also discussed.     

构建警犬扑咬法定情形应遵循的法治原则——基于警犬扑咬行为属性的分析

随着警犬技术工作的不断推进,法律并未授权公安机关有权使用警犬对犯罪嫌疑人进行扑咬的法律现实与警犬在公安实践中被广泛且无序地应用现状严重冲突着,构建警察使用警犬进行扑咬的法定情形刻不容缓。但前提是应厘清警察使用警犬进行扑咬时其武力性质和行为属性。只有这两个问题解决后,构建警犬扑咬法定情形才不是空中楼阁。本文拟从警犬扑咬时的行为属性出发,探讨构建警犬扑咬法定情形时应遵循的法治原则,为立法提供建议。