历史演绎正义:论有限责任制度之伦理进路

伦理融入法律促使法律制度蕴含人文气息而富有长盛不衰的生命力,有限责任制度是公司安身立命的前提性基础,有限责任的伦理决定了公司法的伦理内涵与人文精神.历史上的有限责任初显可能是出于经济需要,而有限责任旺盛的生命力则必然有其伦理性依归,有限责任制度化、规模化发展的本身体现着公众的伦理抉择.有限责任经历了从初期的个体间约定责任的民法选择到法律认可并予以制度化适用的商法选择,这个过程是伦理域内信任到信用的伦理过程,是契约自由和经济理性发挥能动性的过程,因此,有限责任的进化历程是人类衡平各方利益的伦理化进程.     

The Responsible Subject As Citizen: Criminal Law, Democracy And The Welfare State

This paper seeks to explain two problems posed by the history of criminal law doctrine by situating them in the context of the political sociology of citizenship. First, the paper outlines the logical connection between the rise to doctrinal orthodoxy of the idea of the responsible subject and the contemporaneous emergence of universal political citizenship. Secondly, it argues that subjectivist orthodoxy in doctrine may be reconciled with the apparently antithetical forms of regulatory strict liability law within the terms of 'modern democratic citizenship' as the latter were conceptualised by T. H. Marshall. Finally, by means of a comparison with Alan Brudner's recent philosophical rationalisation of the modern criminal law, it proposes that situating the criminal law in its environment of citizenship will help us to understand better the tensions that underlie contemporary challenges to its doctrine.     

论农村社会保障法律制度构建中的政府责任——基于社会法视阈

农村社会保障法律关系错综复杂,政府、社会及农民在农村社会保障中既有相应的权力(利),也要履行一定的义务。行政法、经济法和社会法各自具有独特的法律价值和调整对象,本文分别基于这三个法域检视农村社会保障法律制度构建中的政府责任,考察农村社会保障法律制度构建中政府责任的越位和缺位,反思政府在构建农村社会保障法律制度中所发挥的主导和基础作用,提出在社会法视阈下政府应定位在承担法律制度构建、财政支撑和监督管理之责任。     

德国刑法中的双重罪过立法及其对我国的借鉴意义

德国刑法中的双重罪过立法主要是指罪过由对行为的故意与对结果的过失组合而成的故意犯罪的立法,主要分布在公共危险之犯罪中,共涉及20余个罪名。双重罪过立法严格贯彻了明确性原则、责任主义和刑罚个别化,体现了较为鲜明的法治立场。我国刑法总则把罪过形式的判断根据明确限定为"危害社会的结果",但分则对部分犯罪的罪过形式规定不明确,致使难以解释抽象危险犯的罪过形式,在侵害犯和具体危险犯上难以贯彻责任主义,同时无法消除罪过形式解释上的混乱。从德国刑法中的双重罪过立法来看,在完善我国刑法中的罪过立法时,不仅应当满足判断罪过形式的实际需要,更应当注重贯彻法治对刑法的基本要求,同时还应坚持刑法文本的逻辑性和适度性。     

以检察室为载体延伸检察机关法律监督职能问题的思考

检察机关是国家的法律监督机关,对基层司法执法活动进行监督是其法定职责。然而,当前检察机关缺少更多的在基层的机构设置,直接影响了检察机关法律监督职能的蔓有效发挥。在当前推进三项重点工作的背景下,检察机关应当以推进检察室建设为载体延伸法律监督职能,服务基层基础建设,维护人民群众权益。法律应当明确检察室的设置、赋予检察室独立的编制以健全基层司法体系,同时检察机关应明确检察室的职责地位,加强对检察室的物质人员保障,对其执法活动进行监督制约,促进其工作规范开展。     

精神鉴定的评价范围——基于鉴定人与司法人员职权划分的思考

精神鉴定的评价范围涉及鉴定人与司法官的职权划分问题。在我国,精神鉴定的评价范围不仅包括医学要件与心理学要件,也包括刑事责任能力的内容,精神鉴定人通常都直接对刑事责任能力作出评定,此做法既与理论上的观点不一致,也与刑事诉讼法的规定不相吻合。较为合理的做法是由精神鉴定人对刑事责任能力的医学要件进行评定,心理学要件的判断则采用以司法人员为主、鉴定人为辅的合作方式。     

Audit for Whom? Time to Review Roles of Independent Auditors in Hong Kong

The Hong Kong government has been reforming its laws regarding accounting practices in recent years, to pre-empt problems similar to that of Enron. It correctly recognizes an opportunity to enhance and distinguish the financial system in Hong Kong and create a competitive advantage for Hong Kong. The sixty-five billion dollar question is: what is the right approach for accounting practice reform? One obvious approach is to model reform after the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX). The SOX increases personal liabilities of senior management and introduces extremely cumbersome compliance processes (s 3 (b)(ix) of Minutes of Bills Committee of Financial Reporting Council Bill. (19 July 2005)). While this approach may be the right move for the United States, because rescuing investor confidence is paramount, a similar approach may not be optimal for Hong Kong. Hong Kong relies, to a great degree, on foreign investments and a heavy-handed approach may scare investments away (Charles E. Schumer &; Michael R. Bloomberg To Save New York, Learn from London, Wall Street Journal 1 Nov 2006). This paper, argues that failure of independent auditors was mainly caused by bad incentives. In particular, auditors were hired by and responsible to the management of companies. Thus, there is no surprise that auditors were less diligent in finding problems caused by management. Furthermore, proposing of an alternate to the SOA’s approach. Specifically, a new legal approach should be enforced that allows shareholders to sue auditors when failure to uncover accounting issues causes loss of shareholders’ values.     

Privatised Keynesianism: An Unacknowledged Policy Regime

There have now been two successive policy regimes since the Second World War that have temporarily succeeded in reconciling the uncertainties and instabilities of a capitalist economy with democracy's need for stability for people's lives and capitalism's own need for confident mass consumers. The first of these was the system of public demand management generally known as Keynesianism. The second was not, as has often been thought, a neo-liberal turn to pure markets, but a system of markets alongside extensive housing and other debt among low- and medium-income people linked to unregulated derivatives markets. It was a form of privatised Keynesianism. This combination reconciled capitalism's problem, but in a way that eventually proved unsustainable. After its collapse there is debate over what will succeed it. Most likely is an attempt to re-create it on a basis of corporate social responsibility.     

老龄犯罪宽宥论——以贯彻“宽严相济”的刑事政策为视角

从历史上看,我国古代立法、近代立法以及革命根据地的相关法律文件都有矜恤老幼、减免其刑的相关规定。近现代国外刑事立法中,也普遍确立有老龄犯罪从宽处罚的制度。遗憾的是,我国现行刑法中竟没有任何相关的规定。目前,我国已进入"老年型"国家行列,因此,从贯彻"宽严相济"的刑事政策视角看,无论基于刑罚的人道性、谦抑性,还是从解决老龄问题、实现刑罚的目的考量,都有必要增设老龄犯罪从宽处罚与不适用死刑的原则及规定。     

论机动车交通事故责任强制保险的法律适用

机动车交通事故责任强制保险是以保护和救助生命为核心的制度,它与机动车第三者责任保险在法律依据、法律性质、责任划分、保险费率等诸多方面存在不同,在法律适用中不可混淆;若两者并存时,机动车交通事故责任强制保险优先适用,机动车第三者责任保险补充适用,以有效分散风险,同时,也为交通事故受害人设置了双重保护,更加有利于保证交通事故受害人得到及时救助;在诉讼中,机动车第三者责任强制保险的受害人可以以保险公司为被告,直接向其求偿;而机动车第三者责任险的受害人只能把保险公司列为无独立请求权的第三人。