市民社会理念与社会自主性发展

本文分析了市民社会理念的传统含义及其在当代的变化,认为它实际反映了人们对在市场经济和现代化过程中社会自主性问题的关注.作者分析了中国历史上国家与社会的关系及经济体制的转型、民主政治的建设对社会自主性发展的意义,揭示了社会自主性发展的表现.     

Regulating political advertising in the EU and USA: a human rights perspective

Underlying the American model of political campaign communication are the US Constitutional guarantees of free speech, which secure the rights of citizens to support political candidates of their choosing and express that support in various forms, from bumper stickers to television advertising. Courts have at times struck down measures regulating political advertising, including limits on the amounts of such advertising and the amounts of funds which candidates, parties and individuals may spend on election‐related speeches and advertising as infringements of these rights. With few exceptions, in the USA, government may not limit the number of spots a candidate airs in an election. In Europe, international norms concerning free expression and fair elections appear in a number of legal instruments, including, most recently, the UK's Human Rights Act 1998 and the EU's Charter of Fundamental Rights. This paper compares the role and development of American First Amendment doctrines in limiting restrictions on political advertising in the USA with the development of comparable norms of free expression under the European Convention on Human Rights, European Union treaties and legislation and national laws of the member states and accession countries. In particular, this paper addresses the validity and enforceability of European legal limits on number, timing, placement, quantity and content of political advertisements under applicable human rights rules and similar regulations. The paper concludes that (1) a combination of European legal instruments, including the European Convention on Human Rights, the European Community Treaty, the European Community's ‘Television Without Frontiers’ Directives and the Council of Europe's Convention on Transfrontier Television offer protections of a kind and type which broadly track the protections of the USA's First Amendment; that (2) it seems that governmental justifications for restricting these freedoms are more readily accepted in Europe than they might be in courts in the USA; and that (3) certain restrictions on political advertising identified in previous studies as existing throughout Europe will face increased judicial scrutiny and some of them are probably illegal under European Human Rights principles. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications     

On amorphous terms,terrorism and a feeble judiciary: Analysing the dissenting judgment in Maseko v Prime Minister of Swaziland and Others (2016)

On 16 September 2016, the Swaziland High Court delivered judgment in the matter between Maseko and Others v Prime Minister of Swaziland and Others [2016] SZHC 180, in which it declared certain provisions of the Suppression of Terrorism Act (2008); and the Sedition and Subversive Activities Act (1938) as unconstitutional. The Declaration followed a constitutional challenge, based on the applicants’ freedom of expression, assembly and association. The judgment was unprecedented in the Swaziland context, given that of the four applicants, three were political activists and one was a Human Rights lawyer. All four have been in frequent collision with the government over their political opinions. Two judges ruled in favour of the applicants, whilst the third one ruled against them. The judgment was a sharp departure from past decisions, where the courts often ruled in favour of the state, leaving many litigants without a remedy. The ruling marked the first time a Swazi court had declared the Swaziland Constitution a living document. However commendable the main judgment, the dissenting opinion raises several constitutional questions that need to be addressed. This article therefore, critically analyses the dissenting opinion of Justice Hlophe, and seeks to demonstrate that his approach is antithetical to constitutionalism, and is irreconcilable with accepted notions of Bill of Rights litigation.     

论土地承包经营权人在土地征收中的意思表示

现行土地征收制度中,土地承包经营权人的意思表示在总体上表现出有限性、滞后性、消极性的特点。土地征收 相对人意思表示的制度模式大体上可分为强职权主义模式和相对人主义模式两种。我国应选择相对人主义的立 法模式,强化土地征收中的承包人意思表示。对承包人意思表示制度的具体构建,应从明确承包人是土地征收中 的独立意思表示主体,以及界定承包人意思表示的内容、形式、效力等方面入手。     

论我国民族民间文学艺术表达法律保护模式的构建

本文具体界定了民族民间文学艺术表达的概念和特征 ,并立足于我国实情提出了“知识产权法、反不正当竞争法和特设法定权利”的综合法律保护模式。     

论美国政府绩效评估中的公众意志表达--以三项调查为基础

本文以王小虎1996年进行的有关地方官员对绩效指标的认识倾向性的调查、美国会计标准委员会2000～2001年进行的有关公民对州与地方政府绩效报告的看法的调查和2002年进行的有关州和地方政府绩效评估实践的调查为基础,考察了美国政府绩效评估中的公众意志表达问题,认为在实践中,公众意志不过是赋予政府行为合法性的一种点缀,或者说是行政机构采取的一种政治应对策略.     

马疱疹病毒糖蛋白G基因C-末端的原核表达

为获得马疱疹病毒1型(EHV1)和4型(EHV4)糖蛋白G(gG),对克隆载体pMD-1gG和pMD-4gG分别进行BamHⅠ+SalⅠ和EcoRⅠ+HindⅢ双酶切,将所得片段分别插入表达载体pGEX-6P-1和pET28a(+)中,构建了重组质粒pGEX-1gG和pET-4gG。经双酶切和序列鉴定为阳性后,将重组质粒pGEX-1gG转化入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)、重组质粒pET-4gG转化入大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3)中,经IPTG诱导表达后对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE分析。结果显示,分别在35和17ku处出现与预期大小相符的目的条带。Western-blot结果证实,目的蛋白均具有良好的反应原性。表明,成功实现了EHV1gG和EHV4gG蛋白的正确表达,初步鉴定其具有良好的反应原性。     

牛源犬新孢子虫MAG1基因的克隆及原核表达

为了解牛源犬新孢子虫MAG1基因的免疫学特性,根据MAG1基因序列,设计并合成了1对用于扩增MAG1基因的引物。将PCR扩增产物连接到原核表达载体pGEX-4T-2上,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中。SDS-PAGE结果显示,MAG1在大肠杆菌中获得了较高水平的表达,表达蛋白的分子质量为65ku。Western-blot结果显示,表达的MAG1蛋白可被牛源犬新孢子虫阳性血清特异性识别,表明该MAG1蛋白具有较好的反应原性。本研究为新孢子虫病疫苗及诊断试剂盒的研究奠定了基础。     

猪捷申病毒8型rVP1-ELISA检测方法的建立

为建立猪捷申病毒(PTV)抗体的间接ELISA检测方法,将PTV-8VP1基因克隆至原核表达载体pET-30a中,重组质粒转化大肠杆菌Rosetta表达重组的VP1蛋白。SDS-PAGE及Western-blot分析结果表明,表达的重组蛋白分子质量约为36.2ku,且能被PTV-8阳性血清特异性识别。以纯化的重组蛋白包被ELISA反应板,建立了检测PTV抗体的间接ELISA方法。特异性试验结果表明,重组VP1蛋白与猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、猪伪狂犬病病毒、猪细小病毒、猪圆环病毒2型和猪瘟病毒阳性血清不发生反应。敏感性试验结果表明血清稀释至1∶800时仍检测为阳性。该方法的批内、批间变异系数均小于10%,表明具有较好的重复性。利用建立的方法对633份临床样品进行检测,阳性率是88.10%。选取58份临床样品与间接免疫荧光方法作比对试验,两者的符合率是94.80%。     

新型鸡痘病毒穿梭载体的构建及其体外表达

为构建用于筛选的新型鸡痘病毒载体,采用染色体步移技术对鸡痘病毒282E4株TK基因的下游序列进行测序,并结合扩增出的左右同源重组臂TKL、TKR片段、启动子、MCS及终止信号构建出三表达盒穿梭载体pTKE3。采用基因工程技术将绿色荧光蛋白EGFP基因克隆入3个启动子的下游,构建出pTKE3-A、pTKE3-B、pTKE3-C验证表达盒质粒。结果显示,构建的3个验证质粒分别与鸡痘病毒282E4株共转染鸡胚成纤维细胞,均可在转染12h后观察到绿色荧光。结果表明,构建的三表达盒载体均可成功表达外源基因,这为进一步构建多价重组鸡痘病毒活载体疫苗奠定了基础。