法学研究的范式与模式——兼与戚建刚博士商榷

"范式"整体作为一种方法是社会科学的方法,社会科学包括法学也存在范式,但是社会科学的范式与自然科学的范式有所不同.尽管库恩的"范式"理论存在缺陷,并不妨碍在"扬弃"的基础上于法学研究中加以运用."范式"不仅仅是一种方法,而模式仅仅是一种方法,"范式"之中包括模式(模型).一种"范式"仅属于同一个科学共同体,而同一种模式可以适用于不同的"范式"之中.     

Judges’ views on evidence of genetic contributions to mental disorders in court

This preliminary analysis assesses how judges view the use of behavioral genetics evidence on genetic influences to mental disorders in court. Twenty-one semi-structured interviews, analyzed using constant comparative analysis, were conducted with California trial court judges. Most judges reported the beneficial effects of this evidence being presented in court, particularly as a mitigating factor for sentencing. Yet some judges viewed it as an aggravating factor and expressed concerns about genetic privacy. Judges described initial reactions to being potentially presented with evidence on genetic influences to mental disorders as apprehension, curiosity, and sympathy. Judges also reported putting significant trust in experts on these issues. Findings suggest some judges are skeptical of this evidence, but largely open to its presentation. Sympathetic reactions may result in mitigating attitudes of some judges. As judges significantly trust experts, some judges could also be overly trusting of genetic evidence and expert opinion on these issues.     

土地承包经营权制度的行为有效性分析

土地承包经营权制度是国家保障农民土地承包权益的重要举措,从法治角度考察其实效情况,可分析行为有效部分。对土地承包经营权制度的行为有效性的分析共选取了三个方面:农民的土地承包经营权权利意识情况、土地承包经营权的行使情况、土地承包经营权的实现情况。在此基础上得出土地承包经营权制度行为有效性的结论和建议。     

托马斯·库恩之科学革命理论述评

托马斯·库恩的科学革命理论中最重要的概念是范式概念,他认为范式与范式之间是不可通约的。理论之间的不可通约性对科学进步合理性的正统观点构成严重的威胁,因而托马斯·库恩被批评为相对主义者和非理性主义者。     

东北亚国际秩序的转型与大国的角色定位

从世界发展趋势看,所谓国际体系的转型期即指目前的国际体系向世界体系转换的过渡期。这一转型期客观地要求各个大国的正确的角色定位,即由以往的霸权模式向主导型大国模式的转换。中国欲成为引领世界发展方向的主导型大国,不仅要从文化深层确立"类本位"意识体系,而且也要建构以"和谐世界"为核心并由正义、公正、合理、民主、共赢、和平为其结构的理念体系。     

Evaluation of an Incentive System at a Summer Camp for Youth Experiencing Homelessness

SUMMARY

Children who are homeless often experience emotional and behavioral problems. They also may have difficulty interacting with peers. Programs designed to reward positive behaviors may be successful in improving behavioral functioning for children experiencing emotional distress due to homelessness and related risk factors. Families experiencing homelessness may have a difficult time accessing mental health services. School settings may be optimal environments for implementing programs to improve behavioral and social development for these children. In this paper, we describe the implementation and outcomes of an incentive system, developed to improve school behaviors and interactions for children experiencing homelessness. This system was implemented during a summer camp designed to enrich reading skills. Teachers and aides administered bracelets as secondary reinforcers for positive and prosocial behaviors. Children could purchase primary reinforcers, such as toys and art supplies, with the bracelets. Results were positive, supporting project activities. Future programs and evaluation projects should focus on delivering and evaluating prevention and therapy services for youth experiencing homelessness.     

Knot‐Tying Habits,Tier Handedness,and Experience*

Abstract: Previous research concerning tier handedness, experience and the configuration of simple, habitual knots has been scant and conflicting. Survey data were collected from 21 disparate groups comprising 562 respondents in total. Regardless of experience, respondents tied both Granny and Reef Knots. Dextral tying was dominated by S knots. Left‐handers tied Z knots more frequently than right‐handers. However, the frequency of S and Z knots relative to tier hand dominance, which is not binary, occurred on a continuum. Averaging all survey tasks, more than 70% of knots tied by dextrals were S, whereas only 56% of those tied by sinistrals were S. These percentages varied somewhat according to specific tying tasks and the number of working ends. Furthermore, tiers’ shoelace and parcel knots were not always identical, and a ranked pattern in parcel and shoelace knots was revealed. The examination of habitual knots could benefit criminal investigations.     

从传统行政学到公共管理学范式转换的检视——国内行政学教科书的一项经验研究

范式的形成是行政学成熟的标志,范式的转换是行政学演进的坐标。行政学在百余年的发展中经历了怎样的范式转换,是行政学人研究的一个基本问题。我国学者从不同的角度对行政学范式转换抑或演进进行了研究,但是理论演绎的多,经验研究的少。通过210本行政学教科书内容的研究,对传统行政学和公共管理学进行比较,以及对行政学的范式转换抑或演进进行经验检验,发现从传统行政学到公共管理学,虽然在内容安排上有差异,但只是在相同的"管理主义"价值观取向下进行的不同的制度安排和技术设计,行政学范式没有发生转换。     

论法经济学分析范式的传承与分野——科斯分析范式与波斯纳分析范式之比较

法经济学分析范式在法经济学理论体系中处于基础性地位。从某种意义上而言,法经济学的发展实际上就是其自身分析范式的持续性革命。科斯以交易成本为最基本的分析工具,架起了新古典经济学与法律之间联系的桥梁,在大大增强了新古典经济学对现实问题解释力的同时,也为法经济学的研究提供了可能。而波斯纳则在继承科斯法经济学分析范式的同时,另辟蹊径,运用科斯提出的交易成本理论及其衍生的效率工具来分析法律规则背后的经济逻辑,为法经济学的进一步发展拓宽了理论的空间,由此形成了法经济学下的经济的法律分析和法律的经济分析的不同研究路径,从而最终导致法经济学分析范式的分野。     

论行政伦理研究范式

行政伦理学如果希望不断积累知识,就必须在其研究领域形成公认的理论范式。范式的形成必须具备两个基本条件:在基本的问题上获得共识并形成坚定的信念;以共同的研究方法研究问题。行政伦理学以行政人员的道德行为为研究对象,而道德行为归根结底是遵守伦理规范的行为。规范既是一种制度,又是一种观念。前者是制度分析的对象;后者是知识社会学分析的对象。行政伦理的制度分析和知识社会学分析是理解行政伦理的必要途径。