Frames of Influence: U.S. Environmental Rulemaking Case Studies

The purpose of this article was to question whether interest group actions during the pre‐proposal stage of U.S. federal rulemaking influences the language proposed in natural resource agency rules. The influence of interest groups during this stage was examined across three case studies: (1) the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) critical habitat designation for Nebraska's Salt Creek tiger beetle, (2) the USFWS critical habitat designation for the Utah/Arizona Shivwits and Holmgren milk vetch, and (3) the USFWS delisting of the Northern Rocky Mountain gray wolf population from the endangered species list. To analyze these three cases, a frame analysis approach is used and offers evidence to support the proposition that the instructive, expertise, and fiscal feasibility frames that stakeholders used during the pre‐proposal stage can shape the language of a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. These cases suggest the rich potential for careful study of the earliest stages in the regulatory and administrative rulemaking process in the United States and beyond.     

执行人员对目击证人辨认结果的影响及规制

根据《人民检察院刑事诉讼规则》和《公安机关办理刑事案件程序规定》的有关规定,辨认应当在侦查人员的主持之下进行。但心理学研究表明,为了消除辨认过程中执行人员对辨认人的暗示性影响,应由侦查人员之外的其他人员主持辨认过程。英、美等国借鉴心理学研究成果,确立了辨认中的双盲规则,较好地保证了辨认结果的准确性。中国的辨认制度应当以心理学研究成果为根据,修改由侦查人员主持辨认程序的规定,确立辨认程序中的双盲规则。     

论区域自由贸易协定中优惠原产地规则对国际直接投资流向的影响

区域自由贸易协定中优惠原产地规则对国际直接投资资本的流向产生或吸引或排斥的作用。严格的原产地标准无疑会使得更多的区域外资本投向自由贸易区内,以使其产品获得区域内产品的经济国籍,享受区域内税费等优惠待遇。我国在参加区域自由贸易协定谈判的时候应该针对不同国家和地区,区别对待不同产业,制定宽严相济的优惠原产地规则。     

强迫——屈从型虚假供述的心理学解读

强迫——屈从型虚假供述是警察审讯室中出现较多的虚假供述类型,也是造成冤假错案的罪魁祸首。其产生与犯罪嫌疑人的服从、受暗示性和本能的生存需求紧密相关,但更多的是警察的强迫审讯策略所致。赋予犯罪嫌疑人审讯阶段辩护权并建立合理的讯问规则是减少审讯室中强迫——屈从型虚假供述的有效对策。     

非法鉴定意见排除规则研究

我国非法鉴定意见排除规则的定义是指在诉讼过程中,由于鉴定的前、中、后程序出现严重违法或瑕疵,使得鉴定意见非法或者不合法,经过法官审查或合法当事人提出,使相应鉴定意见的证据能力或者证明力失效的规则。非法鉴定意见排除规则由鉴定前、中、后三个程序规则构成,对诉讼理念、制度、程序与社会等各个层面均有重要的意义。     

论土壤污染侵权的责任认定

土壤污染侵权是伴随着社会工业化和农业现代化的发展而出现的一种新型的环境污染侵权。土壤污染因其复杂性、隐蔽性、潜伏性、长期性等不同于其他污染的特点,致使其侵权责任的认定成为案件处理的难点。在土壤污染侵权案件中,及时有效地确定侵害主体和受害主体,合理分配原被告双方的举证责任,正确认定污染行为与损害结果之间是否存在因果关系对于案件争端的解决具有关键作用,直接关乎受害人权益的救济。     

文义解释的司法操作技术规则

经过长期的法学理论阐发与司法实践尝试和检验,逐步形成了一系列指引和规范文义解释司法运用的操作技术规则,主要包括语法规则、语义学规则、概括性法律用语规则.通过运用一系列以明晰的规则表达的文义解释操作技术,法律文本的意义模糊问题得以消解,有助于提高司法裁判质量,维护司法正义.文义解释规则化操作表征着,实体正义恰以形式正义为前提条件而获保障.     

Parliamentary Rule: The US Senate Parliamentarian and Institutional Constraints on Legislator Behaviour

This article analyses the extent to which institutional rules constrain member behaviour in the United States Senate by examining the evolution of its parliamentarian. Interestingly, the US Senate parliamentarian has received surprisingly little scholarly attention given the important role she performs in the legislative process. The subsequent analysis thus provides a new understanding of the parliamentarian's role in the legislative process and the interplay between institutional rules and member behaviour in the Senate. To this end, the following analysis is situated within the context of the two primary theoretical approaches to understanding how institutional rules constrain member behaviour: path dependency and majoritarianism. These contrasting approaches provide expectations about the extent to which members will defer to the parliamentarian's interpretation of Senate rules rather than exercising their own discretionary control over those rules. Examining the evolving relationship between the parliamentarian and individual members affirms the centrality of institutional rules as a constraint on member behaviour over the past several decades. Yet such an examination also yields two surprising, and potentially contradictory, observations. First, individual senators in both parties have increasingly deferred to the parliamentarian to interpret the Senate's rules. This is surprising given that the Senate has simultaneously become more individualistic, partisan, and ideological over the same period. Second, the majority party has recently disregarded the norm of parliamentary constraint reflected in past practice and demonstrated a willingness to ignore Senate rules when doing so was necessary to achieve legislative success. This could signify a potential shift in how majorities view the constraints imposed by Senate rules if current trends of legislative dysfunction continue.     

美国对外国国家的送达制度

美国《外国主权豁免法》明确规定了对外国国家的送达程序,以区别于《联邦民事诉讼法》中的送达程序。这些特殊的送达规则以及送达实践强调被送达的外国国家实际接收和接受送达的效果,更加注重程序公正,在某种程度上给予外国国家更多的正当程序保障,增强审判程序和判决的可接受性,减少或避免国家豁免诉讼可能带来的政治风险。中国应对在美国法院被诉时,应当充分利用美国《外国主权豁免法》中的送达规则和实践,更好地维护我国的尊严和主权。     

停车场在车辆停放期问的法律责任

随着国家经济建设的持续发展,交通工具的迅速增加,停车难和停车管理难的问题已经越来越突出。停车场方在车辆停放期间的法律责任,必须首先明确所有者或管理者与车主之间的合同种类,以合同种类的不同,分别承担相应的法律责任。