负重对足迹质量的影响

从100组立体足迹捺印样本中抽取10组进行数据统计和形态分析,分别以背负、抱负、单手体侧提、双手体前提的姿态负重15公斤进行捺印取样,并测量其步幅特征及步态特征;再分别以背负、抱负、单手体侧提、双手体前提的姿态负重5公斤-20公斤进行捺印取样并测量其步幅特征及步态特征。通过对以上数据的分析、总结,发现负荷重量的变化及负重的方式的改变会对足迹的步幅特征和步态特征产生不同的影响。在实验中发现这种变化,还受到个体力量差异、行走习惯等因素的影响。     

Determination of salvinorin A and salvinorin B in Salvia divinorum-related products circulated in Japan

Two major salvinorins, salvinorin A (SalA) and salvinorin B (SalB), in three Salvia divinorum dried leaf products and nine of its “concentrated extract” products circulated in Japan were determined. These ingredients were extracted twice with acetonitrile and decolored with graphite carbon powder. SalA and SalB were confirmed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in product ion scan mode, and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (for SalA) and by mass spectrometry in single ion monitoring mode (for SalB). The SalA/SalB contents (μg/mg) were in the range of 3.2–5.0/0.10–0.17 in the dried leaf products and 4.1–38.9/0.26–2.42 in the “concentrated extract” products. These findings would be useful for analysis of S. divinorum-related products circulated in the drug market.     

建立中国特色碳配额许可交易体系的战略思考

减少碳排放已成为世界共识。当前世界各国应对气候变化的贸易政策主张可以分为边境碳调节税（碳关税）、碳排放许可交易（碳配额）两种类型。我们主张实行碳配额许可交易制度。它是执行联合国气候变化框架公约、贯彻其＂共同但有区别责任＂原则的政策选择,是应对国际贸易摩擦的重要手段。我国应把碳配额许可管理作为转变外贸发展方式的重要抓手,加快建立中国特色碳配额许可交易制度,在国际气候应对规则中加快夺取我们应有的参与权、引导权和决定权,争取国家有利的发展条件,推进我国贸易大国向贸易强国转变,推进我国进入富强和谐的碳中和时代。     

论碳排放权的法律属性

《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《联合气候变化框架公约的京都议定书》所创设的碳交易在形式上为碳排放量交易,其背后的理论基础为碳排放权。科斯的环境产权理论要求我们应对环境容量资源进行产权界定。从法律视角考察的碳排放权一方面具有环境权的属性,另一方面又具有财产权的属性。碳排放权的这两种属性在实现环境资源可持续发展的终极目标方面是辩证统一的。     

低碳经济视阈下中国的可持续发展战略

该文指出,低碳经济理念的兴起缘于人们对能源安全和气候安全的重视,其实质是能源高效利用,核心是能源技术和减排技术创新、产业结构和制度创新以及人类生存发展观念的根本性转变,最终目标是保证人类社会具有长期持续的发展能力。面对低碳经济时代,中国的可持续发展战略在路径选择上要体现出新的内涵。     

国际碳排放权交易机制对长三角区域建立碳排放权交易市场的启示

温室气体排放权交易市场迅速发展扩张,并已成为全球贸易中的新亮点。欧盟碳排放权交易体系的成功经验与美国芝加哥气候交易所的失败教训表明,强制减排是碳排放权交易市场持续发展的前提条件。该文提出,长三角区域具有建立我国区域性碳排放权交易市场的条件,可为进一步完善碳排放权交易市场积累经验,并在此基础上构成全国统一的碳交易市场。     

“碳政治”：中国的碳路历程

“碳政治”在中国无论对政府还是对民众都是一个新概念。随着全球“碳政治”的兴起,控制人类经济社会活动中会导致全人类毁灭的“碳排放”逐渐变成一个重要的课题。在科学话语与政治权力的互动中,环保问题被转化为全球气候问题,而气候问题被进一步转化为“碳排放”问题,“碳政治”将成为未来中国的“大政治”。本文对中国“碳政治”形成机制和发展轨迹进行了系统的梳理,使我们对中国的环境政治有一个清晰的认识,并在此基础上思考中国的整体环境应对战略,把“碳政治”作为中国的大政治来对待。     

Carbon Taxation and Policy Labeling: Experience from American States and Canadian Provinces

A vast economics literature embraces taxation of the carbon content of fossil fuels as the superior policy approach for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, experience around the world suggests that carbon taxes face exceedingly difficult political hurdles. Federal experience in the United States and in Canada confirms this pattern. This article reviews sub‐federal policy development among American states and Canadian provinces, a great many of which have pursued climate policy development. With one major exception, explicit carbon taxation appears to remain a political nonstarter. At the same time, states and provinces have been placing indirect carbon prices on fossil fuel use through a wide range of policies. These tend to strategically alter labeling, avoiding the terms of “tax” and “carbon” in imposing costs. The article offers a framework for considering such strategies and examines common design features, including direct linkage between cost imposition and fund usage to build political support.     

Market making via regulation: The role of the state in carbon markets

Proponents as well as critics of carbon trading underestimate the institutional and political underpinnings of evolving carbon markets. Based on institutionalist approaches, this paper argues that the strong embeddedness of carbon markets explains why certain characteristics (positive and negative) materialize. Focusing on the actors who initiate and who influence carbon markets, this article also shows that currently only states and intergovernmental agreements provide the necessary regulation for carbon markets to exist and to work. Today, neither market actors nor NGOs nor public private partnerships have the political power to set up, regulate or capture evolving market structures. Thus, whether or not market‐based instruments bring about the desired results depends on good public regulation, which is – at least up to now – represented by the state. Four instances of the commodification of carbon serve as illustrations: the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS); the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM); the voluntary market; and new sectoral approaches, particularly Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+).