A Review of Alcohol‐Impaired Driving: The Role of Blood Alcohol Concentration and Complexity of the Driving Task

The operation of a motor vehicle requires the integrity of sensory, motor, and intellectual faculties. Impairment of these faculties following the consumption of alcohol has been studied extensively through laboratory, closed‐course and on‐road driving, and epidemiological studies. The scientific literature was reviewed critically, with a focus on low‐to‐moderate blood alcohol concentrations (BAC ≤ 0.100%), to identify the most reliable determinants of alcohol‐impaired driving. Variables such as age, gender, driving skill, and tolerance were shown to have limited impact on impairment. It was concluded the most relevant variables are BAC and complexity of the driving task. The scientific literature provides a high degree of confidence to support the conclusion that a BAC of 0.050% impairs faculties required in the operation of a motor vehicle. Whether impairment is apparent depends upon the complexity of the driving task, which applies to both study design and actual driving.     

Predicting motor vehicle crash involvement from a personality measure and a driving knowledge test

Typically, safety‐related driver education programs are aimed at changing knowledge of vehicle operation rules and regulations. However, vehicle crashes are as likely to be related to driver personality variables as they are to the knowledge of vehicle operation and rules and regulations. In a study with 48 licensed drivers, crashes were found to be significantly correlated with conscientiousness, a five‐factor model personality dimension, but not with scores on a driving knowledge test. It would appear that prevention efforts should also be directed at changing conscientiousness‐related behaviors, including an emphasis on goal‐setting, and following rules and regulations.     

机动车行驶安全距离的判断

机动车能否安全行驶,在一定程度上取决于机动车驾驶人掌握行驶安全距离的能力。机动车行驶安全距离是指从发现障碍开始制动,到最后完全停止所行驶的距离,它包含纵向行驶安全距离和横向行驶安全间距。纵向行驶安全距离取决于制动停车距离;横向行驶安全距离应根据路面的不同、气候的变化灵活掌握。由此可见,机动车驾驶人必须根据机动车的行驶速度、道路状况、气候条件、装载状况等因素,灵活掌握机动车的行驶安全距离,以充分保证其行驶的安全性。     

从运动生化视角谈基层民警力量训练

基层民警力量训练存在着训练意识不强、训练方法不科学、重技能轻体能、健身器械和场馆不足等问题,应该从运动生物化学的角度出发,运用运动生物化学反应基本原理指导警察力量训练,遵循运用生物化学基本原理进行力量训练原则,依据运动生物化学原理进行力量训练,以提高基层民警力量训练的实效。     

新疆边境民族地区公安边防群众工作探析

新疆边境民族地区群众工作具有敏感性、军事性、复杂性、长远性等特点。公安边防部队在开展该地区群众工作时,应以确保国家安全和边境和谐稳定为基本目标,以加快该地区经济社会发展为重点,不断增强边境地区少数民族群众的政治认同和中华民族文化认同。正确执行党和国家的民族宗教政策,严格区分民族宗教领域两类不同性质的矛盾,通过在边境少数民族群众中开展宣传活动、扶贫帮困活动等多种途径做好公安边防部队群众工作。     

同构原理视域下的法治理念与公安执法关系研究

法治理念是依法治国的观念基础,公安执法是实现依法治国的重要途径。基于共同的价值追求,两者在对法律、权力、权利和程序的认知方面具有高度一致性,因而具有同构关系。从理论上论证两者之间的同构关系,分析其交互功能价值,对未来我国法治建设和公安执法规范化建设具有理论指导意义。     

侦查人员证言证明力问题研究简

侦查人员作为证人相比一般的证人,有其自身的特殊性。对侦查人员证言的审查,重点是要审查证言内容是侦查人员的直接感知还是侦查人员对案件事实的分析、判断和评价。检察人员要达成科学心证,要综合审查侦查人员证言及其他相关证据,排除非法证人证言,得出合理结论。在没有特别证据的情况下,一般不应认为,侦查人员系案件的利害关系人,但在妨害公务类案件中,由于被害人一般为侦查人员的同事,侦查人员应属于广义上的同案件有利害关系的人。此外,收集侦查人员证言要严格按照刑诉法及相关规定的明确要求。     

Correlation between saw blade width and kerf width

Most studies of saw marks have focused on morphological characteristics and their utility in identifying saws suspected to have been utilized in cases of criminal dismemberment. The present study examined the extent to which metric analysis may be used to correlate saw blade measurements with minimum kerf widths (MKWs). A sample of 56 partially defleshed white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) long bones was utilized as proxy for human remains. The long bones were cut using a variety of commercially available saws, including 11 manual‐powered and 5 mechanical‐powered saws. A total of 496 false start kerfs (FSKs) were created. Two experiments were performed, with the first test examining the MKWs of FSKs produced on specimens that were restrained using a bench vise, while the second test analyzed the MKWs of FSKs produced on minimally restrained specimens. Statistical analysis using Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) indicated a positive relationship between saw blade width (mm) and MKW, with blade width (p < 0.001) and the overall difference between the mechanical‐ and manual‐powered saws (p = 0.029) tested, reaching statistical significance. A comparison of MKWs produced using manual‐powered saws on restrained and minimally restrained bones suggests that restraint condition (p = 0.009) has a statistically significant effect. In comparisons of MKWs to blade widths, the average ratio for mechanical‐powered saws is 18.7% greater than the average ratio for manual‐powered saws. While the mode of the ratios was 1.42, thus supporting the general rule that MKW does not exceed 1.5 times blade width, multiple individual ratios did surpass 1.5.     

Interpreting Injury Mechanisms of Blunt Force Trauma from Butterfly Fracture Formation

According to biomechanics of fracture production during blunt impact, tubular bones are subject to compressive (impact site) and tensile (opposite impact site) forces; this causes bones to break in tension before compression, producing Y-shaped fracture patterns with breakaway (butterfly) fragments. In current forensic models, the side of the bone exhibiting the breakaway fragment is designated the impact side, with initial breakage occurring opposite. Fracture production and patterning of blunt impacts to 255 sheep femora were analyzed. Contra the existing model, only 60% of complete butterfly fractures exhibited impact side breakaway fragments. Although fractures initiated on the tension, nonimpact side, butterfly fragments formed on either compression or tension sides. Using newly defined breakaway fragment shape criteria, impact side was estimated with 98% accuracy for both complete and partial butterfly fractures. Furthermore, the results suggest that the impact site is the located on one of the Y-fracture's arms, not the butterfly fragment's center, as previously modeled.     

中国现代政党制度的发生学考察

中国政党制度在从资本主义政党制度向社会主义政党制度的现代转型中,经历了以资产阶级政党制度为主要内容的旧民主主义革命阶段、以国共两党围绕民主联合政府展开斗争合作为主要内容的新民主主义革命阶段和共产党领导的多党合作制度阶段。本文据此侧重从中国现代政党制度前史和毛泽东有关政党制度的两个文本的角度对中国现代政党制度作了发生学的考察,并由此得出了中国现代政党制度的经验和启示。