Toluene-Impaired Drivers: Behavioral Observations, Impairment Assessment, and Toxicological Findings

Abstract:  Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent frequently abused for its euphoric and intoxicating properties. This report describes a series of six cases involving drivers arrested for driving under the influence who subsequently tested positive for toluene. Case data including driving behavior, physiological signs and symptoms, evidence of impairment, and toxicology findings were reviewed. Blood toluene concentrations in the drivers ranged from 12 to 45 mg/L (median 23 mg/L, mean 25 mg/L, SD 12.1 mg/L). All drivers were determined to be intoxicated, and displayed symptoms including balance problems, confusion and disorientation, loss of coordination, and inability to follow instructions. They also displayed horizontal but not vertical nystagmus, elevated pulse and blood pressure, and lower body temperature. These findings are consistent with prior reports that subjects with blood toluene concentrations above 10 mg/L are invariably under the influence and their driving skills are affected.     

对辅警制度的考察与借鉴

辅警制度在英美法系国家蓬勃发展,在维护地方治安工作中发挥了无可替代的作用。我国在辅警建设方面显得远远滞后,不够规范。多方面的资源优势使辅警制度在我国的建立变得可行。目前,我国辅警建设主要存在角色错位、体制不畅、经费不足、功能单一等问题。应从立法等方面加强辅警队伍的制度建设,使我国辅警队伍的发展走上正规化、法制化的良性发展之路。     

对区域性国际组织运用武力的法律控制浅析

区域组织运用武力在新的世纪中更引人关注。在联合国宪章体系下,区域组织运用武力有三种类型。其中,集体自卫和授权型运用武力对及时有效地反对地区霸权主义、维护国际和平与安全具有重要意义。但从国际关系实践来看,区域组织运用武力尤其是授权型运用武力存在着较多问题,只有对其实行有效控制,才能发挥区域组织在维护国际和平与安全方面的作用。     

东北城镇居民劳动供给行为分析

通过对东北城镇劳动力市场中已婚男性和已婚女性的劳动参与方程和工作时间方程的回归分析发现,男性和女性劳动参与的工资弹性分别为0.05和1.27,女性劳动参与的收入弹性为-0.42;女性工作时间的工资弹性和收入弹性分别为0.21和-0.11。因此,市场工资水平的上升将有助于东北城镇居民劳动供给的增加。     

反诉类型化研究

随着现代经济分析法学的兴起,法律效益性价值逐渐受到人们关注,人们也开始重视程序经济问题.现行民事诉讼法反诉制度的规定条文少,比较原则、简单,反诉的相关程序问题均未作出明确的规定,反诉制度未能真正发挥其应有作用.反诉制度的类型化可以更加平等的保护各方当事人的合法权益,有效避免法院就相互有密切联系的诉作出相互矛盾的判决.同时可以实现诉讼经济、维护司法权威.     

试论警察临战武力使用的若干问题

警察武力是警察临战处置的基本保障。我国警察临战处置实践中,武力使用还存在较多问题。比较研究我国与英美等国家警察武力使用的差异,借鉴吸收国外先进经验,可以更准确地把握警察武力发展的趋势,对警察临战武力使用政策的制定、武力手段的评估选择与发展完善、警察武力使用训练、临战处置行动的组织实施等方面都有非常重要的意义。     

论合力与构建社会主义和谐社会

一个合力的社会,才会是充满活力、蒸蒸日上、协调发展的社会;一个合力的社会,必然要求建设一个全面和谐的社会。构建和谐的社会,才会是充满亲和力、向心力、形成强大凝聚力的社会。     

An Assessment of the Skeletal Fracture Patterns Resulting from Fatal High (˃3 m) Free Falls

The injury patterns resulting from fatal high (?3 m) free falls have previously been documented in clinical and medico‐legal contexts; however, details relating specifically to the skeletal blunt force trauma (BFT) have been limited. This study aimed to augment what is known of the skeletal fracture patterns resulting from fatal high free falls. Skeletal trauma was analyzed from full‐body postmortem computed tomography scans of 95 individuals who died following a high free fall. Fracture patterns were documented using the five general anatomical regions, axial and appendicular regions, and postcranial unilateral and bilateral regions. Patterns were analyzed in the context of the extrinsic and intrinsic variables that may influence fractures using multiple logistic regression. Fracture patterns involved all aspects of the skeleton, with 98.9% exhibiting polytrauma, and were influenced primarily by the height fallen, manner of death, and landing surface. This improved understanding of fracture patterns will augment anthropological interpretations of the mechanism of BFT in cases of suspected high falls.     

Police Use of Less Lethal Force: Does Administrative Policy Matter?

Scholars have long theorized that constraining police officer discretion via organizational policy improves decision-making. Empirically, prior research shows that more restrictive lethal force policies result in a reduction in the number of police shootings and in racial disparity. Yet, researchers have never examined the impact of less lethal force policies in relation to the full spectrum of less lethal force tactics. In addressing this research void, we examine 3,340 use of force incidents from three US agencies, each varying in terms of policy direction and restrictiveness. The results consistently show that officers working within the most restrictive policy framework used force less readily than officers who operated within more permissive policy environments. Hence, police administrators wishing to reduce coercion should consider the potential effect that a more restrictive policy may have on such behavior.     

道路交通事故死亡案例驾驶员损伤特征分析

目的针对交通事故中驾驶员和乘客的损伤,辨别驾驶员损伤的特征性改变,从而为交通事故中准确认定驾驶员提供科学的证据支撑。方法对2006—2014年间,黑龙江省垦区内126例汽车交通事故死亡案例数据进行回顾性研究,分析汽车事故死亡案例驾驶员损伤特征,探讨驾乘人员损伤的法医学鉴定要点。结果驾驶员颈部、胸部、腹部的损伤多见,可检见汽车部件所致特征性损伤。乘员仅头面部及四肢与汽车接触部位有特征性损伤,其他部位未检见可明确汽车部件所致特征性损伤。结论损伤部位、类型与死亡人员的驾乘身份有关。