Güler and Öngel v Turkey: Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Strasbourg's Discourse on the Justified Use of Force

This article discusses the discourse on the justified use of force in the Strasbourg Court's analysis of Article 3. With particular focus on the judgment in Güler and Öngel v Turkey, a case concerning the use of force by State agents against demonstrators, it addresses the question of the implications of such discourse, found in this and other cases, on the absolute nature of Article 3. It offers a perspective which suggests that the discourse on the justified use of force can be reconciled with Article 3's absolute nature.     

Is There a Difference? Exploring Male and Female Correctional Officers' Definition of and Response to Conflict Situations

Abstract

Although the use of force in corrections is a topic of interest, little is known about the factors that influence correctional officers' decisions. In particular, very little is known about similarities and differences between male and female correctional officers in their definitions of and responses to conflict situations. Interviews were conducted with 192 officers at a large southwestern jail. Using a realistic vignette of an inmate disobeying a direct order, 96 female and 96 male officers were asked about their perceptions in defining and responding to conflict. Results indicate that male and female officers react to conflict situations in a similar manner, although it appears that the inmate's sex is a salient factor in the officers' decision on how to resolve conflict.     

论以党内和谐促进社会和谐

党的十六届六中全会提出要以党内和谐促进社会和谐,这是由中国共产党的执政地位、党内和谐与社会和谐的内在联系所决定的,也是党的工作经验的科学总结。党内和谐包括党的思想和谐、党的制度和谐以及党员之间、党组织之间关系的和谐等方面的内容。要以党内和谐促进社会和谐,就要大力强化党员理想信念教育,健全完善党内法规制度,保障党员民主权利,加强以反腐败为重点的党风廉政建设,进一步转变党的领导方式和执政方式。     

生产要素按贡献参与分配的理论基础

目前流行的解答“生产要素按贡献参与分配”的理论观点和研究方法并不足以使人信服。生产要素的贡献及其量的大小只能是在劳动创造价值过程中的贡献及其量的大小。以劳动时间作尺度测量劳动量进而测度商品价值量存在严重缺陷 ,决定价值量的劳动量应是劳动者的自身耗费和支出的力以及其推动的生产要素有机结合形成的劳动生产力 ,即劳动力与其所借助的机械力和自然力的和。由“劳动时间决定价值”到“劳动生产力决定价值” ,不仅可以说明生产要素的贡献及其可参与分配的量的界限 ,还易于使马克思主义经济学中的许多疑难问题得到简洁说明     

新型工业化的动力源于结构效率--落实科学发展观的必由之路

推进结构性增长是落实科学发展观的必然结果,其本质是将要素投入的增长转向要素效率的增长,经济结构优化升级所带来结构效率将成为我国新型工业化的动力源泉.新型工业化的核心是以信息技术改造、提升传统产业,以信息化带动工业化,实现经济持续快速健康发展.     

中华民族凝聚力与非党知识分子

中华民族凝聚力由以体现的人、物、制度等都与非党知识分子密切联系。非党知识分子作为关系性基础性因素,构成集体向心力乃至中华民族凝聚力的关键钮结。非党知识分子是增强中华民族凝聚力的主体。     

应用微积分对非制式枪械杀伤力的检测与分析

鉴定枪械杀伤能力是检测枪械的重要项目之一。根据内弹道原理,从火药燃烧产生能量经过一系列转变为弹丸飞离枪 口动能的数学分析,经过微积分方法推导出内弹道的四个基本方程,以及对其中各变量的求解,得出鉴定结论。     

论当代青少年社会竞争力

正确认识和参与日趋激烈的社会竞争 ,是当代青年在谋求生存发展时面临的重要人生课题 ,本文对当代青年社会竞争力的特征、构成要素及培养途径和方式等问题进行了探讨     

Self-Defense and the Use of Force: Breaking the Rules, Making the Rules, or Both?

This article examines shifts in international law regarding the use of force—the jus ad bellum —that emerged in the wake of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and subsequently were invoked in part by the United States and United Kingdom to justify military intervention in Iraq. These shifts import some elasticity—in time, space, and place—into the preexisting legal understanding of self-defense. To be sure, the general consensus that supported the use of force in Afghanistan as a legitimate exercise of self-defense has diluted as the use of that force expanded into other theaters of operation. It is therefore unsurprising that considerable controversy envelops claims by some states that international law entitles them to use force in self-defense in a preemptory manner. This article explores the articulation of this and other justifications for the military intervention in Iraq. It also unpacks the difficult question whether these entitlements are constitutive of inchoate legal rules or simply deviations from the still operational old rules. Moreover, this article encourages scholars and students of international law and relations to consider why a movement is afoot to change the rules and how this affects the architecture of collective security. To facilitate this process of reflection, this article explores the policy implications of retaining the old rules or adopting the newly alleged rules.