论犯罪被害人责任

犯罪被害人责任是一个尚未受到广泛关注和接受的概念,但是随着犯罪被害人学的发展,社会互动理论、被害性理论等充分论证了犯罪被害人责任存在的可能性和合理性,世界上一些国家也通过立法肯定了犯罪被害人责任的存在。认定犯罪被害人责任有助于强化广大潜在犯罪被害人的责任意识和防范意识,有助于构建科学的犯罪预防模式,实现刑罚正义和社会正义。为了将犯罪被害人责任应用于实践,需要首先明确犯罪被害人责任的判断标准,然后对犯罪被害人责任进行分类,最后通过立法、司法等环节建立我国的犯罪被害人责任追究制度。     

Baltic Refugees and Policy Formation in Sweden 1940–1950

The Baltic refugees of the Second World War, in Sweden, were part of the opening up of Sweden to immigration. New research, after the turn of the century, has shown how this change of policy was part of the emerging welfare state, embracing a wider geographical area. Still, the opening was conditioned by degrees of “Nordicness” and the conditions of neutrality toward Germany and not least the Soviet Union. This review article highlights some of the new insights of Swedish historiography.     

Exploring,Maintaining, and Disengaging—The Three Phases of a Legislator's Life

Building on the understanding that a career is a dynamic concept, this article applies the idea that parliamentarians' legislative activities vary according to their career stage and age. This is partly a function of experience and partly a function of future career prospects. Using a new data set of the German Bundestag (2002–13) that pinpoints the age and career stage of MPs at the time of individual activities, namely, attending votes, posing parliamentary questions, and holding rapporteurships, we identify practical and normative challenges to MPs' legislative work: It takes time to learn the trade and as the desire for re‐election dissipates, a last‐period problem arises. MPs significantly reduce their activity levels toward the end of their legislative careers, indicating a clear loss of accountability toward their parties and their constituents.     

Judicial Career Incentives and Court Performance: An Empirical Study of the German Labour Courts of Appeal

This paper examines how the organization of a civil-law judiciary—the German labour court system—shapes court performance. It is argued that civil-law judiciaries can be considered as internal labour markets in which the main incentive derives from career opportunities. Resulting hypotheses are tested on data for nine German Labour Courts of Appeal (Landesarbeitsgerichte) over the period 1980–1998. Two performance measures are computed: the confirmation rate and a productivity measure. The confirmation rate captures how often decisions are upheld in an appeal at the Federal Labour Court. Court productivity is measured by a score derived via data envelopment analysis (DEA) and includes as outputs the number of finished cases and the number of published decisions. Regression analyses show: Courts employing more judges with a Ph.D. are more productive, but write decisions that are less often confirmed by the Federal Labour Court. Courts employing judges with higher ex ante promotion probabilities are less productive and write decisions that are less often confirmed.JEL Classification: J45, K31, M12     

犯罪人分类标准新探--以犯罪人格为视角

在犯罪人分类的标准选择上,一直存在着客观主义和主观主义之争,但单纯的客观主义标准或主观主义标准均无法对犯罪人进行科学的分类."犯罪人格"的概念因其丰富的内涵,能成为划分犯罪人的科学标准.建立以"人格"为标准的犯罪学分类理论,应成为犯罪学研究的发展新方向.     

司法独立和法官职业化

本文从现代法治的核心目标“法律至上”地位和“以权制权”的建立入手,指出司法独立的重要性,并进一步阐释了司法独立的实现有赖于法官职业化的实现,进而概括了法官职业化的内容:法官的技能、法官的职业伦理,法官的自主性与自治性,法官的任职资格等及其与司法独立的关系,并从制度建构的角度对中国的法官职业化提出了一些建议。     

不能犯的判断方法——危险概念的理性探析

不能犯的认定过程就是危险的破译过程 ,而危险说之主观的未遂论和客观的未遂论 ,分别只就某个片面来看待危险 ,客观的未遂论又从片面之片面展开分析 ,把行为的危险和作为结果的危险之一个问题的两个方面对立起来 ,未能统一地、总体地对待各部分的危险性 ,以至于各说均不同程度地面临顾此失彼的选择困境 ,因而不能得出共识的结论。本文紧紧围绕行为的性质这个核心问题 ,归纳了不能犯认定上的“八字法” ,即“质量、有无、是否、真假”。对于手段不能的情况 ,采取“质量判断法” ,即看行为人所采用的手段与未能达成的危害结果之间 ,是属性不妥还是数量不够 ,前者是不能犯 ,后者则为未遂犯 ;对于客体不能的情况 ,采取“有无判断法” ,即看行为人所指向的客体是否存在 ,不存在是不能犯 ,存在则是未遂犯 ;对于主体不能的情况 ,采取“是否判断法” ,即看行为人是否具备刑法所规定的意图之罪的主体资格 ,不具备的是不能犯 ,具备的则是未遂犯 ;对于状况不能的情况 ,采取“真假判断法” ,即看行为人实施行为时 ,刑法所规定的构成该罪的特定情景状态是否真实 ,不真实的是不能犯 ,真实的则是未遂犯。     

关于建立监狱防逃体系的思考

罪犯脱逃是一种严重的违法犯罪活动。监狱建立有效的防逃体系 ,严防罪犯脱逃 ,是社会稳定、监狱安全、创建现代化文明监狱的需要。建立完善的防逃体系 ,首先应从“人”抓起 ,建立健全各种防逃制度 ,完备监控设施 ,调动全社会参与防逃反逃工作的积极性 ,真正建立起群防群治的有效防逃机制     

共犯与身份问题探析

德国和日本等国家的刑法典对共犯和身份进行了规定 ,但中国刑法总则只对共犯进行了界定 ,而没有对共犯与身份进行界定 ,只在刑法的分则和司法解释中涉及到了身份问题 ,就国内著作或理论中 ,就共犯和身份问题的探讨较对其他刑法问题的探讨也较少 ,本文作者从身份 ,真正的身份犯与共犯 ,不纯正的身份犯 ,共犯与消极身份犯进行了探析。     

对英法两国青年创业模式的比较和分析

英法两国都把扶持青年创业作为解决青年就业问题的长效办法,制定、实施了一系列相应的政策和项目,取得了一定的成果。特别是英国的青年创业计划项目和法国的青年挑战项目在扶助青年创业方面效果较好。由于两国的政治传统、经济文化背景不同,两种创业模式也存在不少差异。