脑挫伤大鼠胶质细胞GFAP、S100的表达及其损伤时间的推断

目的观察大鼠实验性脑挫伤后胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)和S100的表达,观察脑损伤后星形胶质细胞随脑损伤时间的变化规律,研究其在脑损伤及神经修复中的作用。方法建立脑挫伤模型,利用免疫组化染色(SP法)观察大鼠脑挫伤后GFAP、S100在伤后不同时间星形细胞中的表达。并应用图像分析技术对其作定量统计分析处理。结果(1)伤后1h时GFAP阳性表达开始增多,阳性物质表达随时间大致呈线性上升7d达最大值,然后阳性物质染色强度和面积呈下降趋势。(2)伤后12h组可见S100阳性表达活性增高,S100阳性细胞数目逐渐增多,5d时达高峰后显著下降,但仍高于对照组。结论脑挫伤后星形胶质细胞的表达水平的变化有一定时间规律性,在脑挫伤时间推断中及神经组织修复中有一定作用。     

An Analysis of Human Skeletal Remains with Cerebral Palsy: Associated Skeletal Age Delay and Dental Pathologies*

Abstract: In 2002 the authors were asked to examine the skeletal remains of an individual with a known history of severe cerebral palsy (CP) who was 21–23 years old at death. Skeletal age estimates of 11–15 years and dental age estimates of c. 16 years are younger than the known age of the decedent. Skeletal analysis also identified dental pathologies such as chronic tooth grinding and substantial calculus deposits. Scarce literature exists on forensic human remains cases with CP, and this study contrasts the age discrepancy and other features of this case with typical clinical characteristics of CP. A review of the CP literature suggests that delayed skeletal maturation and dental pathologies such as those observed in this case are indicative of complications related to CP. This article may alert future investigators to some of the osteological signs of CP and the probability that age indicators may be misleading.     

Fat embolism syndrome associated with atraumatic compartment syndrome of the bilateral upper extremities: An unreported etiology

Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a potentially life-threatening condition that develops when fat embolism leads to clinical symptoms and multisystem dysfunction. The classic triad of respiratory distress, neurologic symptoms, and petechial rash are non-specific, and the lack of specific laboratory tests makes the diagnosis of FES difficult. Although FES is most common after long bone fractures, multiple conditions some of which are atraumatic have been associated with the development of FES. We report a case of FES that occurred in the setting of a non-traumatic compartment syndrome of the upper extremities. The pathologic and clinical findings, pathophysiology, diagnostic challenges, and pathologic methods to properly diagnose FES are discussed with a review of the relevant literature. This case highlights the importance of the autopsy in making a diagnosis of FES in cases where death could otherwise be incorrectly attributed to multi-organ system failure, shock, or sepsis.     

Alcohol intoxication may exacerbate the effects of blunt cranial trauma through changes in brain free magnesium levels

Moderate to high levels of alcohol decrease brain intracellular free magnesium concentration, a factor known to be critical in brain injury. Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to examine changes to brain free magnesium concentration after blunt cranial trauma in alcohol-intoxicated rats. Rats exposed acutely or chronically to alcohol sufficient to increase blood alcohol levels to between 150 and 350 mg/dL demonstrated a brain free magnesium level that was 20-50% less than in nonintoxicated animals (p < 0.01). After injury, brain free magnesium levels declined more rapidly and to a greater extent in alcohol-affected animals than in nonintoxicated control animals (p < 0.001). As both preinjury depletion of magnesium and degree of magnesium decline after brain injury have been associated with poor recovery, these findings suggest that moderate to severe alcohol intoxication may predispose the brain to a worse outcome by reducing brain free magnesium levels, both before and after injury.     

益气、活血、益气活血法对气虚血瘀证脑缺血再灌注模型鼠血液流变性的影响

目的 :观察益气、活血、益气活血法对气虚血瘀证局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型鼠血液流变性的影响。方法 :采用饥饿、劳累、高脂饮食等多因素复合制备气虚血瘀证模型 ,然后用线栓法阻断大脑中动脉复制局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型。实验动物随机分为假手术组、模型组、益气组、活血组、益气活血组。给药后 ,分别在脑缺血再灌注 1 ,3,7d检测血液流变学指标。结果 :与模型组比较 ,各治法组均有显著改善血液流变性的作用 (P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1 ) ,各治法组间比较 ,差异没有显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :益气、活血、益气活血法改善脑缺血模型鼠的血液流变性可能是其抗脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用机制之一。     

气虚血瘀证局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠血浆及脑组织cAMP、cGMP含量动态研究

目的:复制气虚血瘀证局灶性脑缺血再灌注动物模型,探索病证结合动物模型环腺苷酸(cAMP)和环鸟苷酸(cGMP)含量的动态变化特点. 方法:选用Wistar大鼠,采用饥饿、疲劳、寒湿、惊恐、高脂饮食等多因素复合方法复制气虚血瘀证动物模型,采用线栓法阻塞大鼠大脑中动脉复制局部脑缺血再灌注动物模型,缺血2 h分别再灌注1,3,7 d,观察缺血侧额顶叶皮质、海马脑组织及血浆cAMP、cGMP含量变化.结果:模型鼠缺血再灌注后,血浆和脑组织cAMP含量均显著升高,cGMP含量均明显下降,血浆cAMP以3 d最高, 脑组织、血浆cGMP和脑组织cAMP以1 d最低. 结论:气虚血瘀证局灶性脑缺血再灌注病证结合动物模型,基本符合气虚血瘀证特点和现代医学脑缺血再灌注后环核苷酸变化规律.     

颅脑损伤与人格障碍的关系研究

目的　为探讨颅脑损伤与人格改变的相互关系 ,特别是颅脑损伤的严重程度与人格改变的严重程度是否平行 ,为颅脑损伤的法医学鉴定提供科学依据。方法　对 1 97例颅脑损伤鉴定案例及住院病例进行分析 ,并对其中伴有人格改变的案例的颅脑损伤严重程度和人格改变的严重程度的相关性和其他影响因素进行分析。结果　 1 97例颅脑损伤中有 1 6 2例出现人格改变 ,占 82 3% ;其中在 1 1 3例中的重度颅脑损伤案例中 ,有 98例伴有人格改变 ,占 86 7% ;其中衰弱型人格改变与攻击型人格改变之比为 6 3:35 ;在 84例轻微颅脑损伤病例中 ,有 6 4例伴有人格改变 ,占 76 2 % ,衰弱型与攻击型之比为 4 0 :2 4 ;2 3例女性患者有 1 7例出现人格改变 ,衰弱型与攻击型之比为 1 3:4。结论　颅脑损伤的严重程度与人格改变的严重程度无相关性 ,轻微颅脑损伤所引起的严重攻击型人格改变是法医精神病学鉴定中的特殊课题     

灯盏花素滴丸对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的：观察灯盏花素滴丸对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑损伤的保护作用。方法：采用线栓法复制大鼠大脑中动脉脑缺血再灌注损伤模型，观察缺血后大鼠神经功能障碍情况并进行神经功能评分，测定再灌注后缺血侧脑梗死范围及脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH－Px)的活性及丙二醛（MDA）的含量，结果：灯盏花素滴丸3种剂量（40，20，10mg/kg)能显减少线栓法所致的局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠的脑梗死面积和减轻神经功能障碍，并拮抗缺血脑组织MDA含量的增加及提高脑组织SOD，GSH－Px活性，结论：灯盏花素滴丸对大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注损伤具有很好的保护作用。     

脑损伤可能导致“道德罗盘”失灵──一种犯罪原因的神经病理学观点

美国神经学家达马索等人新近的研究成果表明,在幼小的时候有过脑额叶损伤的人,会导致“脑罗盘”功能混乱,难以学习社会行为规范,以致于分不清行为的是非,长大之后容易表现出违法犯罪行为。这种关于犯罪原因的神经病理学观点,为如何对这类犯罪人员量刑和如何教育他们提出了一些有待研究的新课题。     

Cocaine‐Induced Intracerebral Hemorrhage in a Patient with Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy*

Abstract: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a well‐recognized complication of recreational cocaine use. The precise mechanism of the cocaine‐induced hemorrhagic event is unclear, although multiple factors have been implicated. We report a case of a 62‐year‐old woman who suffered left parieto‐occipital ICH with herniation and death, following a cocaine binge. Microscopic examination also revealed extensive cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) in the vicinity of the hemorrhage. We additionally studied brain tissue in eight subjects between ages of 60 and 80 who were positive for cocaine metabolites at autopsy; of these, none had vascular amyloid‐β deposits by immunohistochemistry. Whereas we found no evidence that chronic cocaine use is a risk factor for CAA, given the age‐associated nature of CAA and the aging population using cocaine, CAA‐induced hemorrhage in the setting of cocaine use may be more common than recognized. This is the first reported case of CAA‐associated ICH precipitated by cocaine.