后冷战时代的失败国家课题

失败国家是后冷战时代世界政治中的一个突出课题 ,它对内造成了严重的人道主义灾难 ,对外则是世界和平与地区安全的重大隐患。本文对失败国家的内涵、研究价值、指向性特征、形成原因、相关的国际干预机制等等进行了初步的探讨。     

非政府组织兴起的背景和理论依据

20世纪80年代以来,非政府组织在全球空前发展,在政治、经济生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。非政府组织致力于人权、教育、环境、公民参与、难民救济等领域的活动,促进了社会的发展与进步,对当今和未来全球的发展有着十分重要的意义。非政府组织的影响日益突出,但目前对非政府组织的理论研究还相对薄弱。研究非政府组织兴起的社会背景,探讨非政府组织的理论依据,将有助于深化我们对非政府组织发展规律的认识。     

The failure of market failure

The concept of market failure was originally presented by economists as a normative explanation of why the need for government expenditures might arise. Gradually, the concept has taken on the form of a full‐scale diagnostic tool frequently employed by policy analysts to determine the exact scope and nature of government intervention. For some time, economists have known that the market failure idea is conceptually flawed. The authors of this article demonstrate why this is so, employing concepts drawn from the perspective of transaction costs. In a review of empirical studies, they further show how the market failure diagnostic leads analysts to make generalizations that are not supported by facts. Transaction cost analysis helps to explain the underlying processes involved. © 1999 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.     

A signal failure: Sports grants,public servants,and traffic lights

The Auditor General's performance audit into the failings of the Community Sport Infrastructure Grant Program has led to a ministerial resignation and a parliamentary inquiry. The media melee prompted by the ‘sports rorts’ affair has focussed on political corruption of process, with a concentration on the role of ministerial advisers. This is only part of the story. This article argues that on this occasion the Australian Public Service (APS) did not acquit itself well, and that the affair was triggered by an administrative failure to advise on threshold legal and procedural issues: what is termed the ‘traffic light’ role of a professional public service. The article considers how such policy advice failings may have occurred, and whether APS performance in this instance is an indicator of declining institutional capacity.     

Membership Organization’s Social Capital and the Impact on Nonprofit Sector Management

Social capital depicts the extent of mutual trust in a jurisdiction. This study examines the impact of organizational social capital (OSC) on nonprofit (NP) density. Prior studies have argued that OSC positively impacts the community and the organization itself. These studies are either theory- based or survey based. Few available empirical studies also do not examine the OSC of all the counties of the United States. This study overcomes these limitations and finds from the US county-level empirical study that social capital advanced in membership organizations is positively associated with the growth of NP density.     

Policy Failure and Policy Learning: Examining the Conditions of Learning after Disaster

The policy learning literature indicates that governments can and do learn after a policy failure but not always. The purpose of this study is to examine the conditions under which policy failure leads to policy learning. It asks two questions. First, is policy failure associated with policy learning? Second, if policy is associated with policy learning, does the failure initiate different types of learning? Using the policy failure and learning literatures as an organizing framework, this paper analyzes three comparative cases of policy failure revealed by tornados in Greensburg, Kansas (2007); Joplin, Missouri (2011); and Moore, Oklahoma (2013). It finds that failure of the policy process in agenda setting is associated with instrumental policy learning. It also finds that there are two types of failure of decision making: failure to make a timely decision and failure to make any decision. The two types of decision‐making failure are associated with different types of policy learning. In addition, the contextual factors underpinning the link between policy failure and learning are prior experience with the policy problem and capacity to learn.     

A Critical Evaluation of Australian Mineral Resources Rent Tax

An embryonic literature exists on policy failures by the Australian Government, which has examined inter alia the Home Insulation Program, the Green Loans Program, the Building the Education Revolution, and the macroeconomic stimulus package following the global financial crisis. This article contributes to this literature by considering the introduction of the Mineral Resources Rent Tax (MRRT) and its subsequent performance in terms of revenue. We evaluate the implementation of the MRRT using theoretical insights from the policy analysis literature and attempt to draw some broader public policy “lessons”.     

补肾益精法治疗远端肾小管酸中毒致低钾血症31例

目的 观察补肾益精法治疗远端肾小管酸中毒（distal renal tubular acidosis,dRTA）致低钾血症的疗效。方法 将62例dRTA患者随机分为观察组31例和对照组31例,对照组仅给予常规西医补钾治疗,观察组加用补肾益精中药进行综合治疗。比较两组的临床疗效及血清钾浓度的变化。结果 两组临床疗效的分布比较,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）,观察组临床疗效显著优于对照组;随着治疗时间延长,两组血钾浓度均较前一时点显著升高（P<0.05）;治疗48 h和72 h后,观察组血钾浓度显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 补肾益精法联合西医补钾治疗能提高dRTA致低钾血症患者血钾水平,提高临床疗效。     

自拟益肾泄浊方治疗慢性肾衰竭疗效观察

目的 观察益肾泄浊方口服配合西医常规疗法治疗慢性肾衰竭（chronic kidney failure,CRF）的临床疗效。方法 将60例CRF住院患者随机分成对照组和治疗组,每组30例。在接受西医常规治疗的基础上,治疗组患者口服益肾泄浊方,对照组患者口服金水宝胶囊,两组疗程均为8周。〖JP2〗治疗前后分别检测两组患者血清肌酐（serum creatinine, SCr）、血尿素氮（blood urea nitrogen, BUN）、估算的肾小球滤过率（estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR）、血清白蛋白（albumin, ALB）和血红蛋白（hemoglobin, Hb）水平,观察并比较两组临床疗效和中医证候疗效。结果 治疗组临床疗效和中医证候疗效均明显优于对照组（P<0.05）。与治疗前比较,两组治疗后SCr均显著降低（P<0.05）,eGFR和ALB均显著升高（P<0.05）。治疗组治疗后SCr降低值显著大于对照组（P<0.05）,ALB和Hb升高值显著大于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 自拟益肾泄浊方口服配合西医常规治疗有利于改善CRF患者的肾功能,缓解临床症状,提高其治疗效果。