电子政务视角下的政策失败防控

公共政策是政府进行公共事务管理的主要手段和方式，任何社会的经济繁荣、政治发展和社会进步，均离不开一定的合理的公共政策的指导和调控。不过，政策运行并不总是成功的，政策失败会带来一些不利的影响。而电子政务的实施为政府构筑了管理和服务的新平台，为政府防控政策失败提供了重要手段。     

Organizational Failure in the Hollow State: Lessons from the Milwaukee Voucher Experience

In this conceptual article we use the experience of the longstanding Milwaukee private school voucher program to categorize different failure types within the hollow state. Specifically, we argue that the overall performance of the hollow state is dependent on the performance of organizations operating within the hollow state, that organizational failures are inevitable in hollow state activities, and that such failures can be categorized as marketplace failures, service failures, institutional failures, or customer service failures. We conclude that policy makers must plan for the reality of organizational failures in the hollow state if such arrangements are to be effective.     

黄芪建中汤对慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期大鼠呼吸肌疲劳影响的实验研究

目的 研究黄芪建中汤对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD)稳定期模型大鼠呼吸肌疲劳的影响。方法 取SD大鼠120只，随机分为6组：空白对照组，模型组，黄芪建中汤高、中、低剂量组，金水宝组，每组20只。采用熏吸香烟并气管内注入脂多糖法复制大鼠COPD模型。连续治疗8周后观察各组大鼠膈肌超微结构，测定膈肌线粒体还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸氧化酶（reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase, NOX)、琥珀酸脱氢酶（succinodehydrogenase, SDH）、细胞色素氧化酶（cytochrome oxidase, CCO）的活性。结果 模型组大鼠膈肌细胞线粒体肿胀变性，数量减少甚至消失形成空泡，肌原纤维走向紊乱，局部肌丝溶解消失。各治疗组膈肌组织超微结构改变均较模型组明显减轻，以黄芪建中汤高剂量组的作用为最优。模型组NOX、SDH、CCO活性显著低于空白对照组（P<0.01）；黄芪建中汤呈剂量依赖性地升高COPD大鼠膈肌线粒体NOX、SDH、CCO活性（P<0.05，或P<0.01）。结论 黄芪建中汤可明显修复COPD模型大鼠膈肌线粒体结构，剂量依赖性地升高膈肌线粒体NOX、SDH、CCO活性，从而延缓COPD的进程。     

公共政策失灵:政策分析的一个新领域

公共政策失灵 ,可以理解为一项公共政策的过程或结果偏离了政策制定者实际预想的目标 ,并给政策对象造成了始料不及的负面影响。作为一个在现实生活中较为常见的现象 ,公共政策失灵有其相对独立研究的必要性。公共政策失灵的研究 ,不仅可以避免价值偏好的影响 ,而且还能促进公共政策分析的深入和拓展。文章最后谈到了公共政策失灵研究应当立足的中国国情 ,并给出了初步的研究框架。     

论行政立法不作为违法——基于法律文本的解析

行政立法不作为既是行政不作为的新形态,也是行政立法违法的主要类型,其不作为违法之构成除应当具备立法义务之外,还必须客观存在着怠于履行立法义务之不作为状态,且已经逾越法定或合理期限。以法律文本为素材,深入解析行政立法不作为之违法构成要件,对于推进行政不作为的类型化研究以及限制行政立法权的滥用具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。     

Value Creation: A Coordination Game

Strategy in negotiation is often modeled as an activity involving the interplay of creating and claiming behaviors. Theorists have advanced differing perspectives on what game best describes the consequences of choosing one approach over the other. David Lax and James Sebenius offer the prisoner's dilemma game as a model, whereas Richard Walton and Robert McKersie's analysis is consistent with a version of a classic coordination game — namely, the game of “chicken.” This article revisits these two perspectives and shows that the Walton–McKersie view is applicable to a broad range of contexts. In particular, it demonstrates how what is commonly called the tension between creating value and claiming is better understood as the simple tension between a high‐risk and a low‐risk choice.     

A traffic accident caused by fatigue failure of axle

An investigation of a traffic accident involving a tractor-trailer and a passenger car that were traveling at high speed is presented. The cause was the fracture of a trailer axle. The investigation showed that the fracture was because of the fatigue failure. In addition, cracks were found in the remaining three trailer wheels. Hardness measurements showed that, because of inadequate heat treatment of the metal, they were prone to failure.     

罗红霉素对过敏性哮喘慢性气道炎症的作用研究

探讨罗红霉素对哮喘慢性气道炎症的作用。用罗红霉素对哮喘慢性气道炎症进行干预,结果发现罗红霉素治疗组炎细胞浸润明显减轻（P〈0．05）。认为罗红霉素对哮喘慢性气道炎症有一定治疗作用,其机理可能与抑制气道中的炎症细胞浸润有关。     

Fatal Hemorrhage from an Arteriovenous Fistula

In this study, we present two cases of sudden deaths of people with end‐stage kidney with arteriovenous fistulas for long‐term hemodialysis treatment. This procedure is associated with a number of known complications. While stenosis, thrombosis, and infection are well known, lethal hemorrhage from arteriovenous fistula is much less commonly encountered. Inspection of the bodies at the scene of the death by a medical examiner suggested that the deaths were due to exsanguination. Autopsies revealed visible defects on the front wall of the arteriovenous fistulas. Microscopic examination showed wall necrosis with infiltration of various inflammatory cells. Deaths were due to exsanguination from the ulcerated arteriovenous fistulas in patients with chronic renal failure. Further investigation revealed that complications in the area around the arteriovenous fistulas were known and were being treated until a sudden rupture of the vessels and hemorrhage from the arteriovenous fistulas resulted in the deaths.