European Union anti-piracy initiatives in the Horn of Africa: linking land-based counter-piracy with maritime security and regional development

Piracy off the coast of Somalia has resulted in a steady decline in trade through the Arabian Sea and higher costs of doing business for multiple world regions. The EU has responded to the threat with a large-scale anti-piracy operation in the Horn of Africa, which constitutes the first free-standing Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) military operation that is not entirely dependent on North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) planning and assets. The operation is designed to interdict Somali piracy operations across the Gulf of Aden and to keep some of the world’s busiest sea lanes open for reasons of world trade. This article argues that the EU preoccupation with military solutions to the piracy problem, based on interventions through the Somali federal government with an emphasis on security, is insufficient because it fails to address the underlying causes of piracy and misunderstands the Somali socio-cultural-security nexus and the need for practical longer term land-based approaches to development. The reduction of Somali piracy activities can be linked to this increased military response capacity as well as to increased security precautions undertaken by shipping companies, but none of these strategies has succeeded in dismantling piracy networks. They therefore offer only a temporary and costly stopgap measure.     

温振运理方治疗冠心病慢性心力衰竭临床研究

目的 观察温振运理方治疗冠心病慢性心力衰竭（chronic heart failure,CHF）的疗效。方法 将69例冠心病CHF患者随机分为治疗组35例及对照组34例,对照组给予西药常规抗心力衰竭治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上给予温振运理方口服;疗程结束比较两组患者心功能、中医症状疗效、6 min步行距离、左心射血分数（left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF）、尿水通道蛋白2（aquaporin-2,AQP2）及血脑钠肽（B-type natriuretic peptide,BNP）、血管加压素（arginine vasopressin,AVP）含量的变化。结果 治疗后治疗组疾病疗效及中医症状疗效均优于对照组（P<0.05）;治疗组6 min步行距离、BNP、AVP、AQP2及LVEF水平均显著改善,且优于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 温振运理方联合常规西药治疗能有效提高心功能,纠正心力衰竭症状及指标的同时改善了患者生活质量。     

胺碘酮联合参松养心胶囊治疗老年心力衰竭合并阵发性房颤疗效观察

目的 观察胺碘酮联合参松养心胶囊对老年心力衰竭合并阵发性房颤的治疗效果。方法 将30例符合纳入标准的老年心力衰竭合并阵发性房颤患者随机分为对照组和实验组,每组15例,对两组患者基础疾病行不含抗心律失常的常规治疗4周。在此基础上,对照组患者给予胺碘酮治疗,实验组在胺碘酮疗法的基础上加用参松养心胶囊,所有患者均接受8周药物治疗。观察两组临床疗效、左心室射血分数（left ventricular ejectfraction,LVEF）、血清中N-氨基末端脑钠肽前体（N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide,NT-proBNP）水平、6 min步行距离（6 minute walk test,6MWT）、左心室舒张末期内径（left ventricular end-diastolic dimension,LVDD）、QT离散度（QT dispersion,QTd）和肝肾功能,记录各组患者出现的不良反应发生情况。结果 两组患者临床疗效比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。与对照组比较,实验组LVEF、6MWT、QTd、LVDD和NT-proBNP差值差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组患者治疗后血清肌酐和丙氨酸氨基转移酶差值比较,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 胺碘酮联合参松养心胶囊对老年心力衰竭合并阵发性房颤的治疗效果较好,且能提高运动耐量,改善心功能,同时不影响患者的肝肾功能,具有较高的临床使用价值。     

基于经络平衡的电导法经络测量分析方法对慢性肾病的诊断价值研究

目的 基于经络平衡理论,探究电导法经络测量值的分析方法,考察其对慢性肾病的诊断价值。方法 纳入健康人群82例和慢性肾病人群222例,采用电导法测量手足井穴和原穴的电阻值,分别计算原穴阴阳比值、井穴阴阳比值、原穴手足比值、井穴手足比值、原穴左右比值、井穴左右比值,采用接收者工作特征（receiver operating characteristic, ROC）曲线考察两组差异具有统计学意义的比值对慢性肾病的诊断价值。结果 两组人群在井穴阴阳比值、原穴手足比值方面比较,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。ROC曲线显示井穴阴阳比值的曲线下面积（area under curve, AUC）为0.618,95% CI为［0.537,0.699］（P<0.05）,原穴手足比值的AUC为0.727,95% CI为［0.655,0.800］（P<0.01）。井穴阴阳比值的最优切点是1.16,灵敏度为0.64,特异度为0.52,原穴手足比值最优切点是1.04,灵敏度为0.68,特异度为0.72。结论 慢性肾病患者的经络平衡处于阴盛阳衰、上盛下衰状态,基于经络平衡的电导法经络测量分析方法具有较好的临床诊断效能。     

万花油外用结合物理疗法治疗慢性肾衰竭血液透析患者动静脉内瘘血肿48例

目的观察万花油外用结合物理疗法对慢性肾衰竭血液透析患者动静脉内瘘血肿的临床疗效。方法将96例慢性肾衰竭血液透析动静脉内瘘血肿患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组各48例。对照组给予冰敷、热敷及红外照射的物理治疗,治疗组在对照组疗法基础上加用万花油,两组均治疗至血肿消失。比较两组患者治疗3d后血肿消退情况、血肿局部疼痛评分情况及治疗结束后随访6个月时的并发症发生情况。结果治疗组血肿消退情况明显优于对照组(P0.05)。两组治疗后内瘘局部血肿疼痛均明显减轻(P0.05),但治疗组治疗后疼痛评分下降程度显著大于对照组(P0.05)。随访6个月后,治疗组患者内瘘血流不足、静脉炎、内瘘狭窄、血栓形成的发生率均明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论万花油外用结合物理疗法可促进透析患者动静脉内瘘血肿的消退,减轻局部疼痛,减少并发症的发生。     

大黄泄浊颗粒保留灌肠对非透析慢性肾病湿热证患者血清结缔组织生长因子及肝细胞生长因子的影响

目的观察非透析慢性肾病湿热证患者血清结缔组织生长因子(connective tissue growth factor,CTGF)和肝细胞生长因子(hepatocyte growth factor,HGF)水平及大黄泄浊颗粒保留灌肠对其干预作用。方法将63例非透析慢性肾病3~4期湿热证患者随机分为治疗组32例和对照组31例,并设正常组20例。治疗组和对照组均给予基础治疗,治疗组加用大黄泄浊颗粒保留灌肠,每日1次,疗程8周。观察两组临床疗效、血尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、血清肌酐(serum creatinine,SCr),以及治疗前后血清CTGF、HGF,并与正常组进行比较。结果治疗组临床疗效和中医证候疗效均显著优于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后治疗组BUN较治疗前显著降低(P0.05),SCr呈降低趋势(P0.05);对照组治疗后BUN较治疗前呈降低趋势(P0.05),SCr较治疗前显著升高(P0.05)。治疗组和对照组治疗前CTGF、HGF水平显著高于正常组(P0.05);治疗后治疗组和对照组血清CTGF、HGF水平均显著降低(P0.05);治疗组治疗后HGF和CTGF下降值大于对照组,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论大黄泄浊颗粒保留灌肠改善非透析慢性肾病湿热证患者的机制与降低血清CTGF、HGF水平有关。     

清肾颗粒合复方α 酮酸治疗慢性肾衰竭湿热证疗效观察

目的 观察清肾颗粒联合复方α-酮酸对非透析期慢性肾衰竭（chronic renal failure,CRF）湿热证患者生活质量的改善作用。方法 将102例非透析期CRF患者随机分为常规组、对照组和治疗组,分别给予基础治疗、基础治疗联合复方α-酮酸、基础治疗联合复方α-酮酸和清肾颗粒,疗程12周,观察治疗前后血清肌酐（serum creatinine,SCr）、清蛋白（albumin,Alb）、肾小球滤过率（glomerular filtration rate,GFR）及主要中医症状变化,并采用肾病生活质量简表1.3版（kidney disease quality of life short form,version 1.3,KDQOL-SF TM1.3）评价治疗前后患者的生活质量。结果 治疗组在升高Alb方面显著优于常规组（P<0.01）,在降低中医证候积分方面显著优于常规组和对照组（P<0.01）,治疗组在升高KDQOL-SF TM1.3量表各维度评分及其总分方面显著优于常规组（P<0.05,或P<0.01）,对照组仅在升高SF 36（KDQOL-SF TM1.3量表维度）评分方面显著优于常规组（P<0.05）。多元逐步回归分析发现年龄、GFR、中医证候积分和Alb对生活质量的影响较大。结论 清肾颗粒联合复方α-酮酸在延缓肾衰竭进展的同时,对CRF湿热证患者生活质量具有较好改善作用。     

慢性心衰中西医结合生存质量量表与SF-36量表的效度对比研究

目的 简明健康状况量表（以下简称SF 36量表）为标准参照,评价慢性心衰中西医结合生存质量量表的效度。方法 采用横断面调查方法,在北京市5家医院内纳入63名慢性心力衰竭住院患者,在患者知情同意基础上采用慢性心衰中西医结合生存质量量表、SF-36量表调查其生存质量,对慢性心衰中西医结合生存质量量表的效度进行评价。结果 相关系数法、逐步回归分析证实慢性心衰中西医结合生存质量量表具有较好的内容效度,因子分析显示其具有良好的结构效度,以SF-36量表作为标准参照显示其具有良好的标准效度（r=0.79,P＜0.01）。结论 慢性心衰中西医结合生存质量量表具有较好的效度,可以作为心衰中西医结合生存质量的评价工具。     

Length of independence and democratic failure

This article takes as a point of departure a well-known but rarely tested assumption in the literature on state-building and democratisation, namely that democratic regimes in newly established states are politically unstable. When states take their first steps as independent entities, the state-building process is often incomplete, the political institutions fragile and democratic routines yet to be established. However, with increasing years of independence, these democratic shortcomings are expected to be remedied. This makes it reasonable to assume that the likelihood of democratic failure decreases with increasing years as an independent state. Based on an extensive empirical data set, the conclusion was reached that there is indeed a negative relationship between the length of independence and democratic failure and that this association is insensitive to the period in time when the countries received their independence. Furthermore, the results suggest that the length of democratic rule has a positive impact on democratic stability. However, this pattern is detectable only in states created after 1946.     

语言的游戏——读《后现代公共行政——话语指向》

查尔斯.J.福克斯和休.T.米勒合著的《后现代公共行政——话语指向》通过后现代主义的审视目光,对官僚制的修正中所出现的宪政主义与公民自决进行了批判：理性解释了它们为什麽不能解决公共行政的环式民主（间接民主或程序民主）失灵问题的原因,提出一种完全崭新的话语理论,试图解决公共行政合法化危机的问题。为公共行政的民主化管理提供了一种可以通达解释的新途径。