论宏观经济调控中的政府失灵

如何避免政府失灵是当前宏观经济调控中的重要问题。本文对政府失灵的表现、产生原因进行了深入探讨,并提出了相应对策。     

Parenthood,Childhood and Injury: Some Dilemmas for the Law of Torts

This paper looks at some recent developments in the law of torts. It looks in particular at the emergence of civil claims with respect to child abuse and the confinements effected by traditional limitation periods in relation to those claims. It examines in particular in the first section the House of Lords decision in Stubbings v. Webb to the effect that civil claims over child sex abuse were time barred, and the subsequent unsuccessful appeal to the European Court of Human Rights which ruled by seven votes to two that there had been no violation of articles 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. It is also noted that the Court ruled unanimously that there had been no violation of article 8; and by eight votes to one that there had been no violation of article 14. The paper turns in the second section to what have been called actions for wrongful birth, arguing that here we see the law of torts taking a more protective role, one which must be set side by side with the child abuse actions examined in the first part of the paper. Throughout the paper, both English and Australian law is canvassed. The major claims in this paper relate to what the author terms a singularly adult picture or rights and wrongs reflected in the law of torts.     

中国早期政治现代化失败原因及启示

近代中国缺乏与民主相适应的市民社会是中国早期政治现代化失败的根本原因,而制度决定论及由此引发的政治激进主义则是其失败的直接原因。政治现代化是一个长时间的过程,不可能一蹴而就;政治现代化要以经济社会的发展作为依托;政治现代化离不开政治文化的支撑。     

环境保护:21世纪政府的主要职能

20世纪后半叶以来 ,民众环保意识的觉醒将政府推到了环保前台。政府因其特有的权力可以行使环保职能 ,但政府的能力是有差异的。在中国政府存在着种种环保失灵现象。关键在于政府应具有环保使命感 ,真正认识到保护环境就是保护人民的利益。政府从宏观上坚持可持续发展方向 ,在微观上发挥被修补了的看不见的手的调节机制 ,才能有效行使环保职能。     

执政能力建设中的绩效失灵及其应对

执政绩效在执政能力形成和维系过程中的无力，即执政绩效失灵。只有唤醒绩效之外的理念感召，用法律与道德规范执政行为，并建构起全面系统的执政能力指标体系，才能走出绩效失灵的执政能力困境。     

The fallacy of perfect regulatory controls: Lessons from database surveillance of migration in West Germany from the 1950s to the 1970s

Surveillance studies have long argued that electronic databases are designed to maximize state surveillance as a “superpanopticon” or “surveillant assemblage.” But how are databases being implemented in practice, and do they actually enhance control? This article addresses these questions by examining the case of the German Central Foreigners Register (Ausländerzentralregister [AZR]). Established in 1953, the AZR was one of the first databases on migrants in the western liberal world, and remains a pillar of Germany's migration control system today. By analyzing internal ministerial records from the 1950s to the 1970s – the time when this database was introduced, expanded, and automatized while still relatively free from legal or public constraints – this article examines whether, or how, databases enhance state control. I argue that the AZR did not provide the “perfect surveillance” it was intended to deliver; rather, it produced major bureaucratic and political challenges and a series of malfunctions. This case study confirms that database surveillance, such as the German AZR in the 1970s and European databases today, depends on three basic conditions: shared expectations regarding data usages, cooperation in data supply, and capacities of data storage and maintenance. Moreover, databases serve the additional symbolic function of reassuring the self-imagination of sovereign, modern state power.     

Chronic Alcohol Abuse Leads to Low Bone Mass with No General Loss of Bone Structure or Bone Mechanical Strength,

Chronic alcohol abuse (CAA) has deleterious effects on skeletal health. This study examined the impact of CAA on bone with regard to bone density, structure, and strength. Bone specimens from 42 individuals with CAA and 42 individuals without alcohol abuse were obtained at autopsy. Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA), compression testing, ashing, and bone histomorphometry were performed. Individuals with CAA had significantly lower bone mineral density (BMD) in the femoral neck and significantly lower bone volume demonstrated by thinner trabeculae, decreased extent of osteoid surfaces, and lower mean wall thickness of trabecular osteons compared to individuals without alcohol abuse. No significant difference was found for bone strength and structure. Conclusion: CAA leads to low bone mass due to a decrease in bone formation but with no destruction of bone architecture nor a decrease in bone strength. It is questionable whether this per se increases fracture risk.     

多发性软组织挫伤后对肺及其他脏器的影响

目的观察多发性软组织挫伤后短时间内死亡案例的脏器病理学改变。方法应用常规组织学及免疫组织化学染色技术进行光学显微镜检查。结果光镜检查见肺组织毛细血管扩张充血，白细胞集聚，肺组织散在片状出血、灶状坏死及透明膜形成；心脏间质血管扩张充血，点灶状纤维溶解；脑组织充血水肿，肝脾充血。免疫组化发现肺泡腔及部分血管内纤维蛋白染色阳性，部分脾脏血管内及肾髓质集合管中肌红蛋白染色阳性。结论本研究结果提示多发性软组织挫伤后短时间内死亡的死因为成人呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）合并多脏器功能衰竭。     

真理通向失败的可能性探析

从真理出发之所以有可能导致实践的失败，在于真理有其适用的客观界限，真理必须与具体情况相结合，必须为群众所掌握，必须具备必要的物质条件。充分认识这些环节，对于坚持唯物辩证法，推进建设有中国特色社会主义的伟大实践，具有十分重要的意义。     

Revolving Roles in Drug-Related Crime: The Cost of Chronic Drug Users as Victims and Perpetrators

Numerous studies have established a strong connection between the use of illicit drugs and the commission of other illegal activities, including both predatory and property crimes. No study, however, has examined the cost of crimes associated with drug users both as victims and as perpetrators. In the present study, recent data were analyzed from a targeted sample of chronic drug users (CDUs) and a matched sample of non-drug users (NDUs) in Miami-Dade County, Florida, to estimate the incremental cost of crime associated with CDU. Two separate models were employed to estimate (1) the probability of being a victim or a perpetrator of crime and (2) the cost of crime for both situations. The cost measures were transformed to reduce the influence of extreme outliers, and a smearing technique was used to compare the cost of crime for CDUs relative to NDUs. The findings illustrate that criminal activity among CDUs is circular, extensive, and costly. Implications for law enforcement, criminal justice policy, and substance abuse treatment are discussed.