Not a Curse at All: Why Middle Eastern Oil States Fail and How it can be Prevented

Western scholarship has often noted that oil states in the Middle East are affected by the ‘resource curse’. Thus, such states are to eventually fail due to their plundering of resources and their neglect of the social contract with their citizens. However, this is not the case, as oil states are neither failed states, nor fully democratic. They hover in a middle ground in which they assure security through coercion, but lack representation and legitimacy. Due to the events of the Arab Spring, a pragmatic, insightful and comprehensive review of oil states in the region is necessary. Although oil states in the region thus far have remained stable, change can be expected in the future. How will oil states deal with the pressures of a more demanding society and an ever-challenging economic atmosphere? Furthermore, what can history teach us so that state failure can be averted?     

为什么人们批评管制又不愿放弃管制?——基于信任层面的解释

从世界范围来看,人们经常批评政府管制容易滋生腐败以及给经济带来大量的低效率.然而,在现实中,人们似乎都不愿意放弃管制.本文从信任如何形成管制偏好的角度解释了人们不愿意放弃管制的原因.经济中的个体要求管制可能是为了回避或应对市场失灵所导致的欺诈;对他人的更多信任能够降低人们对管制的需求,对他人的更多不信任则会增加人们对管制的偏好.本文运用世界价值观察(WVS)的数据,经验研究支持了上述结论.     

国家干预经济中政府失灵的人性解读及控制

对政府失灵及其缘由的追寻和考究,是经济法学人长期以来的不懈追求,也获得了诸多真知灼见。然而,鲜有人注意到,人性中的"强"、"群"、"乐"等因素,才是政府失灵更为深刻的原因,从干预者人性的角度对政府失灵进行解读,可以为我们提供一个可靠的认识论基础,也可为经济法克服政府失灵提供有效方向和路径。     

Fatal renal hemorrhage after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Renal hematoma is one of the most severe complications of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). ESWL is used in the noninvasive treatment of urinary calculosis. The shock waves can lead to capillary damage, renal parenchymal or subcapsular hemorrhage. We present a case with fatal complication and the result of the medico-legal evaluation. A 71-year-old woman was treated by ESWL, renal hematoma was detected during the clinical observation, and the patient died. The death occurred despite close clinical observation as a consequence of a rare complication of ESWL. The mechanism of death was hemorrhagic hypovolemic shock due to renal hemorrhage complications due to ESWL for treatment of renal calculi. This therapeutic complication is a known complication of appropriate treatment.     

Fatal intoxication due to tramadol alone: case report and review of the literature

Poisoning may also lead to both coma and multiple organ failure, also in youngsters without a known major medical history. As not all toxic agents are routinely screened when a poisoning is suspected, it is useful to consider less frequently encountered poisons in certain cases. We describe the occurrence of asystole and multiple organ failure which occurred in a young man after a suspected tramadol overdose. The tramadol concentration on admission in the ICU was indeed 8 microg/ml (mg/l), far above the therapeutic range. Subsequently, the patient developed severe acute liver failure, finally leading to death. Post-mortem toxicology did not reveal any other poison responsible for this unfavourable course as only very high serum and tissue tramadol and desmethyltramadol concentrations were found. Only a few fatal poisonings attributable to tramadol alone, as observed in our case, have been reported. An overview of these cases is presented.     

柴郁温胆汤及其拆方对慢性应激抑郁大鼠的作用

目的 研究柴郁温胆汤及其拆方对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠的治疗作用。方法 选择旷场行为学评分相近的56只大鼠,随机分为正常组、模型组、柴郁温胆汤组、调气血组、化痰组、养心脾组、马普替林组,每组8只,以孤养联合慢性不可预见性轻度应激方法复制大鼠抑郁模型,对大鼠进行旷场行为学测定并评分,对大鼠进行糖水消耗实验并测定体质量变化,并采用高效液相色谱-电化学方法检测大鼠大脑前额叶脑皮质去甲肾上腺素(norepinephrine,NE)、5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)的含量。结果 模型组大鼠旷场行为评分水平活动和垂直活动均显著下降(P<0.05,或P<0.01),蔗糖水消耗量明显下降(P<0.01),体质量增长缓慢(P<0.05,或P<0.01),脑内NE、5-HT含量降低（P<0.05）。柴郁温胆汤及部分拆方能显著改善模型大鼠的行为学变化（P<0.05,或P<0.01),增加大鼠脑内NE、5-HT的含量（P<0.05）。〖JP〗结论 柴郁温胆汤及其拆方具有抗抑郁作用,其中全方的抗抑郁作用优于各拆方。     

萆菟汤治疗慢性非细菌性前列腺炎110例

目的 观察萆菟汤治疗慢性非细菌性前列腺炎(chronic abacterial prostatitis,CAP)的临床疗效。方法 将176例CAP患者随机分为治疗组110例和对照组66例,分别采用萆菟汤和前列康片治疗,疗程均为8周。观察并比较两组临床疗效,治疗前后分别观察两组NIH- CPSI评分,并进行挤压前列腺分泌液（expressed prostatic secretion,EPS）常规检查。结果 治疗组临床疗效明显优于对照组（P<0.05）。与治疗前比较,两组治疗后NIH- CPSI的疼痛症状、排尿症状、生活质量评分和总分均显著降低（P<0.05）,治疗组上述评分降低值显著大于对照组（P<0.05）。与治疗前比较,两组治疗后EPS中白细胞计数及pH值均显著降低（P<0.05）,卵磷脂小体计数均显著升高（P<0.05）;治疗组治疗后白细胞计数降低值小于对照组（P<0.05）,卵磷脂小体升高值和pH值降低值大于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 萆菟汤对CAP具有显著的临床疗效。     

藿苏养胃口服液治疗慢性萎缩性胃炎临床观察

目的评价藿苏养胃口服液治疗慢性萎缩性胃炎(chronic atrophic gastritis,CAG)的临床疗效。方法将200例CAG患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组100例,对照组给予胃复春片治疗,治疗组给予藿苏养胃口服液治疗,每组疗程3个月,随访2周。治疗后观察两组中医临床综合疗效、单个症状疗效、胃镜下黏膜病变疗效、两组胃腺体萎缩疗效和胃黏膜肠上皮化生疗效,治疗前后分别观察两组的组织病理学积分及患者报告结局指标(patient reported outcome,PRO)量表积分。结果治疗组中医临床综合疗效、胃镜下黏膜病变疗效、胃腺体萎缩疗效和胃黏膜肠上皮化生疗效均显著优于对照组(P0.05);在胃脘胀满、胃脘隐痛、嗳气、纳弱不振、胃中嘈杂、口干口苦、短气懒言及神疲乏力疗效方面,治疗组明显优于对照组(P0.05);在降低中医症状积分、病理组织学积分以及降低PRO量表的总分及其全身症状、反流、消化不良、心理功能和社会功能维度积分方面,治疗组明显优于对照组(P0.05)。结论藿苏养胃口服液能明显改善CAG患者的临床症状,有效修复胃镜下黏膜病变,改善胃黏膜的病理组织病变,提高CAG患者的生活质量。     

芦黄参花胶囊联合福辛普利治疗糖尿病肾病60例

目的 观察中西医结合疗法治疗糖尿病肾病（diabetic nephropathy,DN)的疗效及建立其综合疗效评价体系。方法 纳入Mogensen Ⅲ、Ⅳ期DN患者120例,将其随机分为治疗组（芦黄参花胶囊和福辛普利联合治疗）和对照组（单用福辛普利治疗）,疗程为3个月。比较两组的临床疗效及中医证候疗效,观察治疗前后DN患者尿白蛋白排泄率（urinary albumin excretion rate,UAER）、肾功能、血压、血糖、血脂水平,采用世界卫生组织生存质量量表简表评价患者治疗前后的生存质量。结果 对于Mogensen Ⅲ、Ⅳ期DN患者,治疗组临床疗效及中医证候疗效均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;治疗组在降低Mogensen Ⅲ期DN患者UAER及血清肌酐、尿素氮水平,提高Mogensen Ⅲ、Ⅳ期DN患者生理健康、心理健康、总的生存质量和满意度评分方面显著优于对照组（P<0.05,或P<0.01）。两组均未见明显不良反应。结论 芦黄参花胶囊和福辛普利联合治疗可有效降低早期DN患者尿蛋白,改善肾功能,提高患者的生存质量,本研究可为DN的防治提供新的疗效评价体系。     

咳喘停贴剂穴位贴敷对慢性哮喘大鼠肺组织抑炎细胞因子的影响

目的 观察咳喘停贴剂穴位贴敷对慢性哮喘大鼠Th1下游抑炎细胞因子含量的影响。方法 将48只Wistar大鼠随机分成6组：正常组、模型组、布地奈德组、穴位假贴敷组、地塞米松组、穴位贴敷组,每组8只。用卵清蛋白致敏和激发的方法复制慢性过敏性哮喘大鼠模型。模型复制后各组给予相应的治疗,治疗14 d后观察各组大鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液（bronchial alveolar lavage fluid,BALF）中干扰素-γ（interferon-γ,IFN-γ）、白细胞介素-2（interleukin-2,IL-2）和IL-12含量。结果 与正常组比较,模型组大鼠BALF中IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-12含量均明显降低（P<0.05）。与模型组比较,穴位假贴敷组BALF中IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-12含量无明显变化（P>0.05）;布地奈德组、地塞米松组、穴位贴敷组IFN-γ、IL-12含量明显升高（P<0.05）,IL-2含量呈升高趋势（P>0.05）,但3组之间IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-12含量比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 咳喘停穴位贴敷治疗慢性哮喘大鼠的机制与调节呼吸道中抑炎细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-12的分泌异常有关。