论政府管制以及良好政府管制的原则

政府管制是政府运用公共权力，通过制定一定规则，对个人和组织的行为进行限制与调控的活动。政府管制有助于防止垄断，解决信息、外部性、内部性问题以及维护社会公正。政府管制并非万能的，也存在管制失灵的现象。政府管制改革的目的在于实现良好的管制。良好政府管制约基本原则包括：公共利益、必要性、可行性、开放性、法治、有效、协调、信息、比例、简明。良好管制是中国政府管制改革的标杆。     

From failed states to fragile cities: redefining spaces of humanitarian practice

It has become commonplace to claim that cities are becoming conflict zones, or ‘war zones’. This article traces some of the discursive and conceptual shifts that made it possible to define the city as a new frontier for international humanitarian action in states of the Global South. In order to represent cities as humanitarian spaces, concepts of ‘failure’ and ‘fragility’ have been problematised and subjected to reinterpretations that legitimised new strategies applied to the urban realm. I argue that this re-scaling of humanitarian practices enables a de-coupling and inclusion of so called new ‘urban conflicts’ in strategies of global liberal governance. Moving from failed states to fragile cites is a key development to understand changes in the practices that redefine humanitarian spaces today. The definition of urban violence as a new type of conflict informs a new cycle of expansion of the humanitarian order focused on the city. The article analyses the problematisation of concepts of failure and fragility as a decisive move to redefine the boundaries of humanitarian spaces.     

Evaluation of Agonal Cardiac Function for Sudden Cardiac Death in Forensic Medicine with Postmortem Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) and NT-proBNP: A Meta-analysis

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is an unexpected death caused by a sudden loss of cardiac function, which is currently a global public health problem. Evaluation of the agonal cardiac function of the deceased is a quite important task for the diagnosis of SCD in forensic medicine. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) are currently considered as significant biomarkers for the diagnosis of heart failure in both clinical and forensic practices. To investigate the postmortem evaluation roles of postmortem BNP and NT-proBNP levels for SCD, the present study meta-analyzed eight related studies from Embase, Cochrane Library, PubMed, China Biomedical Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Data. Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale was used to assess the quality of the included literature, and the meta-analysis was performed by RevMan 5.3.5 software. Postmortem NT-proBNP in pericardial fluid showed higher levels in the SCD group than that of the non-SCD group with the weighted mean difference = 3665.74, 95% confidence interval: 1812.89–5518.59, and p = 0.0001. However, postmortem levels of BNP in pericardial fluid and NT-proBNP in serum revealed no statistical difference between SCD and non-SCD subjects. The results of present meta-analysis demonstrated that postmortem NT-proBNP in the pericardial fluid could be used as an ancillary indicator for evaluation of agonal cardiac function in forensic medicine.     

“争常”失败后日本对非战略新态势

2005年"争常"失败后,日本政府改变了过去长期冷落非洲的外交政策,开始把非洲真正地纳入其全球战略架构中来。加大援非力度,改革援非方案,以对抗气候变暖和环境保护为重点,突出环境外交,全面发展与非洲各国的关系,日本对非战略出现新态势。其基本动因在于,适应新的国际形势变化的需要,反思"争常"失败后的经验和教训,通过发挥日本"环境外交"的优势,扩大其在非洲的影响,这种对非战略的新态势将对中国对非外交构成较大的压力和挑战。     

国际格局与日美经济竞争态势的演变

国际格局演变必然对国际行为主体的发展产生制约作用,从而对该国的国际经济竞争能力产生影响。战后长达半个世纪美苏争霸和东西方冷战的两极格局,严重削弱了美国的国际经济竞争力;而日本利用这一发展机遇,不断增强经济竞争力,在日美经济竞争中呈现出"日攻美守"态势。冷战后国际格局由两极走向多极,日本面临的国际竞争环境日益严峻,日美经济竞争态势逆转,呈现"美攻日守"态势。     

原发性高血压早期肾损害中医证候学观察

目的:观察原发性高血压早期肾损害的中医证候学特点和规律。方法:对120例原发性高血压早期肾损害患者进行中医证候学分析,并以60例无肾损害的原发性高血压患者作为对照,统计分析不同中医证候积分。结果:原发性高血压早期肾损害患者以肝、肾证候及阴虚、气虚、血瘀证候积分最高,明显高于无肾损害的原发性高血压患者(P<0.01)。结论:原发性高血压早期肾损害的主要病机为肝肾阴虚兼气虚血瘀。     

养肝益水颗粒对原发性高血压早期肾损害患者肾叶间动脉血流的影响

目的:观察养肝益水颗粒对原发性高血压早期肾损害患者肾叶间动脉及肾主动脉峰值流速(Vmax)、阻力指数(RI)的影响。方法:70例辨证为肝肾阴虚或兼血瘀型原发性高血压早期肾损害患者,随机分为治疗组和对照组各35例,治疗组给予养肝益水颗粒加西药常规治疗,对照组仅予西药常规治疗,观察治疗前后肾叶间动脉及肾主动脉Vmax、RI等指标的变化。结果:治疗后治疗组肾叶间动脉血流Vmax上升程度、RI下降程度与对照组相比,差异有显著性(P<0.05,P<0.01);治疗后肾主动脉Vmax均较治疗前有所升高,RI有所下降,但差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:养肝益水颗粒对原发性高血压早期肾损害患者肾叶间动脉血流有积极影响。     

从信息视角看经济法基本功能

信息不充分、不对称及错误是信息失灵主要表现 ,它们对市场效率具有巨大的消极影响 ,因此需要由各种制度对其加以克服 ,在诸多制度中 ,经济法具有独特的优势。经济法通过各种制度安排能够在较大程度上使市场信息充分、对称、准确 ,从而提升市场效率。     

Histologic evidence of repetitive blunt force abdominal trauma in four pediatric fatalities

In cases of acute fatal child abuse, certain injuries, including cutaneous blunt force trauma, skull fractures, subdural hematomas, intra-abdominal hemorrhage, and retinal hemorrhages are common and well described in the pediatric and forensic literature. These gross findings at autopsy, when taken into consideration with scene investigation and interviews with caregivers, may indicate both a clear manner and cause of death. In such cases, the discovery of additional pathologic changes attributable to older abusive injuries helps support a conclusion of death due to inflicted trauma. We discuss four cases of fatal child abuse in which acute blunt force abdominal trauma was the cause of death. In each of these cases, careful examination with proper sectioning and microscopy of select abdominal tissues revealed that the acute tissue trauma was superimposed on a background of older, healing injury. This older trauma was characterized by classic histologic elements of tissue repair, including fibroblast proliferation, early scar formation, increased vascularity, and hemosiderin-laden macrophages. Iron and trichrome stains were used to confirm the presence of hemosiderin and fibrosis in all four cases, but the recognition of fibroblast proliferation and a reactive vascular pattern was best seen on routine hematoxylin and eosin stains. The gross and microscopic autopsy findings, along with available investigative information, established the diagnosis of chronic physical abuse.     

Renal Tubular Epithelial Vacuoles—A Marker for Both Hyperlipidemia and Ketoacidosis at Autopsy

Review of 15 cases of nephrotic syndrome found that eight had significant hyperlipidemia with serum cholesterol levels ranging between 10.59 and 18.60 mmol/L (mean 12.88) and serum triglyceride levels between 2.30 and 9.92 mmol/L (mean 4.58); all of these cases displayed basal lipid vacuolization. Seven of the 15 study cases had normal–mild hyperlipidemia with serum cholesterol levels ranging between 4.71 and 7.54 mmol/L (mean 6.02) and serum triglyceride levels between 0.65 and 4.1 mmol/L (mean 1.57). Six of the seven cases had basal lipid vacuoles (86%). Of these, five cases were hyperlipidemic and one case had borderline hyperlipidemia with a serum cholesterol level of 4.71 mmol/L. Although hyperlipidemia was associated with renal tubular epithelial vacuolization, the vacuoles appeared morphologically different to those found in ketoacidosis. This study has shown that while hyperlipidemia in isolation may result in basal lipid vacuolization within renal tubular epithelial cells, the phenotype differs from that observed in ketoacidosis.